Skip to main content
Log in

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues: a review of biological properties and clinical uses

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Green J.D., Harris G.W. The neurovascular link between the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis. J. Endocrinol. 5: 136, 1947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Harris G.W. Neural control of the pituitary gland. In: Bayliss L.E., Feldberg W., Hodgkin A.L. (Eds.), Monographs of the Physiological Society, Number 3. Edward Arnold, London, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Schally A.V., Arimura A., Kastin A.J., Matsuo H., Baba Y., Redding T.W., Nair R.M.G., Debeljuk L. Gonadotrophin — releasing hormone: one polypeptide regulates secretion of luteinizing and follicle — stimulating hormones. Science 173: 1036, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Spatola A.F. Peptides of the hypothalamus. Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 16: 199, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rivier C., Vale W., Rivier J. Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and antagonists on reproductive functions. J.Med. Chem. 26: 1545, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Yen S.S.C. Clinical applications of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. Fertil. Steril. 39: 257, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hruby V.J., Krstenansky J.L., Cody W.L. Recent progress in the rational design of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 19: 303, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Vickery B.H. Comparison and potential utility of LH-RH agonists and antagonists for fertility control. J. Steroid Biochem. 23: 779, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Corbin A., Bex F.J., Jones R.C. LH-RH and analogues: contraceptive and therapeutic considerations. Int. J. Fertil. 30: 57, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vickery B.H. Pharmacology of LH-RH antagonists. In: Furr B.J.A., Wakeling A.E. (Eds.), Pharmacology and clinical uses of inhibitors of hormone secretion and action. Bailliere Tindall, London, 1987, p. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fraser H.M., McNeilly A.S. Differential effects of LH-RH immunoneutralization on LH and FSH secretion in the ewe. J. Reprod. Fertil. 69: 569, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yen S.S.C, Vandenberg G., Tsai C.C., Parker D.C. Ultradian fluctuations of gonadotropins. In: Ferin M., Halberg F., Richart R.M., Vande Wiele R.L. (Eds.), Biorhythms and human reproduction. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974, p. 203.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Clarke I.J., Cummins J.T. The temporal relationship between gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized ewes. Endocrinology 111: 1737, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Schuiling G.A., Gnodde H.P. Site of origin of the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in long term ovariectomized rats. J. Endocrinol. 70: 97, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Carmel P.W., Araki S., Ferin M. Pituitary stalk portal blood collection in rhesus monkeys: evidence of pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Endocrinology 99: 243, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Clayton R.N. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulation of its own pituitary receptors: evidence for biphasic regulation. Endocrinology 111: 152, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Nett T.M., Crowder M.E., Moss G.E., Duello T.M. GnRH-receptor interactions. 5. Down regulation of pituitary receptors for GnRH in ovariectomized ewes by infusion of homologous hormone. Biol. Reprod. 24: 1145, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Amundson B.C., Wheaton J.E. Effects of chronic treatment on brain LH-RH content, pituitary and plasma LH and ovarian follicular activity in the anestrous ewe. Biol. Reprod. 20: 633, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Belchetz P.E., Plant T.M., Nakai Y., Keogh E.J., Knobil E. Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone. Science 202: 631, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Knobil E. The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 36: 53, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Smith M.A., Perrin M.H., Vale W.W. Desensitization of cultured pituitary cells to gonadotropin releasing hormone evidence for a post receptor mechanism. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 30: 85, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Savoy-Moore R.T., Schwartz N.B., Duncan J.A., Marshall J.C. Pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors during the rat estrous cycle. Science 209: 942, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clayton R.N., Solano A.R., Garcia-Vela A., Dufau M.L., Catt K.J. Regulation of pituitary receptors for gonadotropin releasing hormone during the rat estrous cycle. Endocrinology 107: 699, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hazum E., Cuatrecasas P., Marian J., Conn P.M. Receptor-mediated internalization of fluorescent gonadotropin-releasing hormone by pituitary gonadotropes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 6692, 1980.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Conn P.M., Smith R.G., Rogers D.C. Stimulation of pituitary gonadotropin release does not require internalization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 1098, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Conn P.M., Rogers D.C., McNeil R. Potency enhancement of a GnRH agonist: GnRH receptor microaggregation stimulates gonadotropin release. Endocrinology 111: 335, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Conn P.M., Marian J., McMillan M., Stern J., Rogers D., Hamby M., Penna-A., Grant E. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in the pituitary: A three step mechanism. Endocr. Rev. 2: 174, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Schrey M.P. Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates the formation of inositol phosphates in rat anterior pituitary tissue. Biochem. J. 226: 563, 1985.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Naor Z., Zer J., Zakut H., Hermon J. Characterization of pituitary calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase: Redistribution by gonadotropin-relasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 8203, 1985.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hulting A.L., Lindgren J.A., Hokfelt T., Eneroth P., Werner S., Patrono C., Samulesson B. Leukotriene C4 as a mediator of luteinizing hormone release from rat anterior pituitary cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 82: 3834, 1985.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Starzec A., Counis R., Jutisz M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the synthesis of the polypeptide chains of luteinizing hormone. Endocrinology 119: 561, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu T.C., Jackson G.L. Synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone in vitro by rat anterior pituitary cells: effects of gallopamil (D600) and pimozide. Endocrinology 117: 1608, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vogel D.L., Magner J.A., Sherins R.J., Weintraub B.D. Biosynthesis, glycosylation and secretion of rat luteinizing hormone α-and β-subunits: differential effects of orchiectomy and gonadotropin releasing hormone. Endocrinology 119: 202, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Godine T.E., Chin W.W., Habener J.F. α-Subunit of rat pituitary glycoprotein hormones. Primary structure of the precursors determined from the nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs. J.Biol. Chem. 257: 8368, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chin W.W., Godine J.E., Klein D.R., Chang A.S., Tan L.K., Habener J.F. Nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding the precursor of the β-subunit of rat lutropin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4649, 1983.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Papavasiliou S.S., Zmeili S., Khoury S., Landefeld T.D., Chin W.W., Marshall J.C. Gonadotrophih-releasing hormone differentially regulates expression of the genes for luteinizing hormone a-and β-subunits in male rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 4026, 1986.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Clayton R.N., Harwood J.P., Catt K.J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue binds to luteal cells and inhibits progesterone production. Nature 282: 90, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Clayton R.N., Huhtaniemi I.T. Absence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in human gonadal tissue. Nature 299: 56, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hunter M.G., Sullivan M.H.F., Dix C.J., Alfred L.R., Cooke B.A. Stimulation and inhibition by LHRH analogues of cultured rat Leydig cell function and lack of effect on mouse Leydig cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 27: 31, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sharpe R.M., Fraser H.M., Cooper I., Rommerts F.F.G. Sertoli-Leydig communication via an LH-RH-like factor. Nature 290: 785, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sharpe R.M. Cellular aspects of the inhibitory actions of LH-RH on the ovary and testis. J. Reprod. Fertil. 64: 517, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Huhtaniemi I., Nikula H., Sakari R., Clayton R. Regulation of testicular steroidogenesis by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists. J. Steroid Biochem. 24: 169, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sandow J., Clayton R.N., Kühl H. Pharmacology of LH-RH and its analogues. In: Crosignani P.G., Rubin B.L. (Eds.), Endocrinology of human infertility: New aspects. Academic Press, London, 1981, p. 221.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Vale W., Rivier C., Brown M., Rivier J. Pharmacology of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF), luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF), and somatostatin. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 106: 123, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Dutta A.S., Furr B.J.A., Giles M.B., Valcaccia B. Synthesis and biological activity of highly active α-aza-analogues of luliberin. J.Med. Chem. 21: 1018, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dutta A.S., Furr B.J.A. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogues. Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 20: 203, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sandow J. Clinical applications of LH-RH and its analogues. Clin. Endocrinol. 18: 571, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Anik S.T., McRae G., Nerenberg C., Worden A., Foreman J., Hwang J.-Y., Kushinsky S., Jones R.E., Vickery B. Nasal absorption of nafarelin acetate, the decapetide [D-Nal(2)6] LH-RH, in Rhesus Monkeys 1. J. Pharm. Sci. 73: 684, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hutchinson F.G., Furr B.J.A. Biodegradable polymers for the sustained release of peptides. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 13: 520, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Furr B.J.A., Hutchinson F.G. Biodegradable sustained release formulation of the LH-RH analogue, Zoladex, for the treatment of hormone responsive tumours. In: Schroder F.H., Richards B. (Eds.), Progress in clinical and biological research, volume 185A; EORTC genitourinary group monograph 2, Part A: Therapeutic principles in metastatic prostatic cancer. Alan R. Liss, New York, 1985, p. 143.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sanders L.M., Kent J.S., McRae G.I., Vickery B.H., Tice T.R., Lewis D.H. Controlled release of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue from poly (d, 1, lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. J. Pharm. Sci. 73: 1294, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Redding T.W., Schally A.V., Tice T.R., Meyers W.E. Long acting delivery systems for peptides. Inhibition of rat prostate tumours by controlled release of D-Trp-6 luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5845, 1984.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Waxman J.H., Sandow J., Man A., Barnett M.J., Hendry W.F., Besser G.M., Oliver R.T.D., Magill P.J. The first clinical use of depot buserelin for advanced prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 18: 174, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Yamanaka H., Imai K., Nakai K., Shiraishi A., Yoshida M., Kaetsu I. Efficacy of LH-RH agonist against prostatic cancer and the application of the sustained release drug delivery system to its administration. Prostate 4: 431, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Auclair C., Kelley P.A., Labrie F., Coy D.H., Schally A.V. Inhibition of testicular luteinizing hormone receptor level by treatment with a potent luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76: 855, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rivier J.E., Vale W.W. Hormonal secretion in male rats chronically treated with [D-Trp6, Pro9-NEt]-LRF. Life Sci. 25: 1065, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Rivier C., Rivier J., Vale W. Chronic effects of [D-Trp6, Pro9-NHET] luteinizing hormone releasing factor on reproductive processes in the male rat. Endocrinology 105: 1191, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bex F.J., Corbin A. In vivo and in vitro investigation of the extrapituitary antireproductive effects of a potent LH-RH agonist in immature and adult male rats. J. Androl. 3: 152, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Damber J.E., Bergh A., Daehlin L. Stimulatory effects of a LH-RH-agonist on testicular blood flow in hypophysectomized rats. Int. J. Androl. 7: 236, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Habenicht U.-F., El Etreby M.F., Neumann F. Possible vascular effects of an LH-RH agonist on the peripheral circulation of the rat testes. Andrologia 17: 440, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Isidori A., Conte D., Spera G., Toscano V., Citarella F., Paolucci D., Foli S., Stigliani V., Boniforti L., Betto B. Possible involvement of prostaglandins in gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist action at testicular level. In: D’Agata R., Lipsett M.B., Polosa P., Van Der Molen H.J. (Eds.), Recent advances in male reproduction: molecular basis and clinical implications. Raven Press, New York, 1983, vol. 7, p. 257.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lemarchand-Beraud Th., Jaussan V., Zurich M.G. Dose and time effects of treatment with low doses of a LH-RH agonist on testicular axis and accessory sex organs in rats. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) 112: 595, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hsueh A.J.W., Bambino T.H., Zhuang L.Z., Welsh T.H., Ling N.C. Mechanism of the direct action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its antagonist on androgen biosynthesis by cultured rat testicular cells. Endcrinology 112: 1653, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Belanger A., Auclair C., Ferland L., Caron S., Labrie F. Time course of the effect of treatment with a potent LH-RH agonist on testicular steroidogenesis and gonadotropin receptor levels in the adult rat. J. Steroid Biochem. 13: 191, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Fishback J.B., Arimura A., Turkelson C.M. Effects of an LH-RH agonist and gonadotropins on testicular prolactin receptors. Peptides (Fayetville) 3: 845, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sandow J., Von Rechenberg W., Engelbart K., Stoll W., Klante G. Inhibitory effects of acute gonadotrophin stimulation on the reproductive system of male rats. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) (Suppl.) 108: 183, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Sandow J., Beier B. LH-RH agonists-mechanism of action and effect on target tissues. In: Progress in clinical and biological research. EORTC genitourinary group monograph 2, Part A: Therapeutic principles in metastatic prostate cancer. Alan R. Liss, vol. 185A, 1985, New York, p. 121.

  68. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I., Bergstrom K., Briones W., Worden A., Seidenberg R. Inability of continuous long-term administration of D-Nal(2)6-LHRH to abolish fertility in male rats. J. Androl. 4: 283, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Belanger A., Auclair C., Ferland L., Caron S., Labrie F. Time-course of the effect of treatment with a potent LH-RH agonist on testicular steroidogenesis and gonadotropin receptor levels in the adult rat. J. Steroid Biochem. 13: 191, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bex F.J., Corbin A. LH-RH and analogues: Reproductive pharmacology and contraceptive and therapeutic utility. In: Martini L., Ganong W.F. (Eds.), Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. Raven Press, New York, 1984, vol. 8, p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Heber D., Swerdloff R.S. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and testosterone synergistically inhibit spermatogenesis. Endocrinology 108: 2019, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Swerdloff R.S., Heber D., Bhasin S., Rajfer J. Effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone superactive analogs alone and combined with androgen on testicular function in man and experimental animals. J. Stéroid Biochem. 19: 491, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bex F.J., Corbin A. Resistance of the mouse to the antifertility effects of LH-RH agonists. Life Sci 30: 1263, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bambino T.H., Schreiber J.R., Hsueh A.J.W. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its agonist inhibit testicular luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in immature and adult hypophysectomized rats. Endocrinology 107: 908, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Marchetti B., Labrie F. Further characterization of the direct inhibitory effect of LH-RH agonists at the testicular level in the rat. J. Steroid Biochem. 20: 339, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. CaoY-Q., Sundaram K., Bardin C.W., Rivier J., Vale W. Direct inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis and gonadotropin receptor levels by 6-N-l-M benzyl-D-histidine-9-proline ethylamide gonadotropin releasing hormone and 6-D tryptophan-9-proline ethylamide gonadotropin releasing hormone potent agonists of gonadotropin releasing hormone. Int. J. Androl. 5: 158, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bhasin S., Swerdloff R.S. Testicular GnRH-like factors: characterization of biologic activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 122: 1070, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Labrie F., Dupont A., Belanger A., Lacourciere Y., Raynaud J.P., Husson J.M., Gareau J., Fazekas A.T.A., Sandow J., Monfette G., Girard J.G., Edmond J., Houle J.G. New approach in the treatment of prostatic cancer: complete instead of only partial withdrawal of androgens. Prostate 4: 579, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lefebvre F.A., Seguin C., Belanger A., Caron S., Sairam M.R., Raynaud J.P., Labrie F. Combined long term treatment with an LH-RH agonist and a pure antiandrogen blocks androgenic influence in the rat. Prostate 3: 569, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Habenicht U.F., Witthaus E., Neumann F. Antiandrogens und LH-RH-agonisten: endokrinologie in der initialphase ihrer anwendung. Aktuel. Urol. 17: 10, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Sandow J., Engelbart K., von Rechenberg W. Contraceptive action of LHRH and analogues in animals and in humans. In: Runnebaum B., Rabe T., Kiesel L., Merz W.E. (Eds.), Secretion and action of gonadotrophins. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Sandow J., von Rechenberg W., Baeder C., Engelbart K. Antifertility effects of an LH-RH analogue in male rats and dogs. Int. J. Fertil. 25: 213, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I., Briones W., Worden A., Seidenberg R., Schanbacher B.D., Falvo R. Effects of an LH-RH agonist analogue on sexual function in male dogs suppression, reversibility and effect of testosterone replacement. J. Androl. 5: 28, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Vickery B.H., McRae G.J., Bergstrom K., Briones W., Seidenberg R., Worden A. Male contraceptive potential of a highly potent agonistic analogue of LH-RH assessed in the dog. Contraceptive Delivery Systems 3: 80, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I., Briones W.V., Roberts B.B., Worden A.C., Schanbacher B.D., Falvo R.E. Dose-response studies on male reproductive parameters in dogs with nafarelin acetate a potent LH-RH agonist. J. Androl. 6: 53, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Vickery B.H., Goodpasture J.C., Waller D.P. Interactions between an LH-RH analogue and cancer chemotherapeutic agents at the testicular level. J. Steroid Biochem. 20: 1370, 1984 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Belanger A., Tremblay Y., Lacoste D., Giasson M., Dupont A., Labrie F. The dog, a good model for the study of LHRH agonists as blockers of androgen secretion and potential contraceptives. In: Labrie F., Wenderoth U.K. (Eds.), A new approach to the treatment of prostatic cancer: buserelin (suprefact). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1985, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I., Bonasch H. Effect of chronic administration of a highly potent LH-RH agonist on prostate size and secretory function in geriatric dogs. Prostate 3: 123, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Dube J.Y., Frenette G., Tremblay R.R., Tremblay Y., Belanger A. Involution of spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog under the influence of chronic treatment with a LH-RH agonist. Prostate 5: 417, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Vickery B.H. Comparison of the potential for therapeutic utilities with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists. Endocr. Rev. 7: 115, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Tremblay Y., Belanger A., Labrie F., Frenette G., Dube J.Y., Tremblay R.R. Characteristics of the inhibitory effect of chronic treatment with an LH-RH agonist on testicular steroidogenesis in the dog. Prostate 5: 631, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sundaram K., Connell K.G., Bardin C.W., Samojlik E., Schally A.V. Inhibition of pituitary testicular function with 6-D tryptophan LH-RH in rhesus monkeys Macaca-Mulatta. Endocrinology 110: 1308, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Akhtar F.B., Wickings E.J., Zaide P., Nieschlag E. Pituitary and testicular functions in sexually mature rhesus monkeys under high dose LRH-agonist treatment. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) 101: 113, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lewis R.W., Dowling K.J., Schally A.V. D-tryptophan-6 analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone as a protective agent against testicular damage caused by cyclophosphamide in baboons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 2975, 1985.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Akhtar F.B., Marshall G.R., Wickings E.J., Nieschlag E. Reversible induction of azoospermia in rhesus monkeys by constant infusion of a GnRH agonist using osmotic minipumps. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56: 534, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mann D.R., Gould K.G., Collins D.C. Influence of continuous gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment on luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion, the respose to gonadotropin releasing hormone and the testicular response to human chorionic gonadotropin in male rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 58: 262, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Sundaram K., Thau R.B., Goldstein M., Phillips D.M., Rivier J., Vale W., Bardin C.W. Effect of an LH-RH agonist on pituitary and testicular function in rhesus monkeys Macaca mulatta. J. Reprod. Fertil. 72: 365, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Schally A.V., Coy D.H. Stimulatory and inhibitory analogues of LH-releasing hormone: basic and clinical studies. In: McCann S.M., Dhindsa D.S. (Eds.), Role of peptides and proteins in control of reproduction. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, 1983, p. 89.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Fujino M., Fukuda T., Shinagawa S., Kobayashi S., Yamazaki I., Nakayama R., Seely J.H., White W.F., Rippel R.H. Synthetic analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) substituted in position 6 and 10. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60: 406, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rivier C., Vale W., Rivier J. Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists and antagonists on reproductive function. J. Med. Chem. 26: 1545, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Landymore K.M., Wilkinson M. Chronic treatment with [D-Ala6, des Gly-NH2 10]-LHRH ethylamide reversibly delays puberty in the female rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62: 853, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Johnson E.S., Gendrich R.L., White W.F. Delay of puberty and inhibition of reproductive processes in the rat by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Fertil. Steril. 27: 853, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rivier C., Rivier J., Vale W. Chronic effects of (D-Trp6-Pro9-NEt) luteinizing hormone-releasing factor on reproductive processes in the female rat. Endocrinology 103: 2299, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Corbin A., Beattie C.W., Rees R., Yardley J., Foell T.J., Chai S.Y., McGregor H., Garsky V., Sarantakis D., McKinley W.A. Post-coital contraceptive effects of agonist analogues of luteinizing hormone. Fertil. Steril. 28: 471, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Conti M., Harwood J.P., Hsueh A.J.W., Dufau M.L., Catt K.J. Gonadotrophin-induced loss of hormone receptors and desensitization of adenylate cyclase in the ovary. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 7729, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kledzik G.S., Cusan L., Auclair C., Kelly P.A., Labrie F. Inhibition of ovarian luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor levels with an LH-releasing hormone agonist during the oestrous cycle in the rat. Fertil. Steril. 30: 348, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jones P.B.C., Conn P.M., Marian J., Hsueh A.J.W. Binding of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist to rat ovarian granulosa cells. Life Sci. 27: 2125, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. McDonald G.J., Beattie C.W. Pregnancy failure in hypophysectomized rats following LH-RH administration. Life Sci. 24: 1103, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Bex F.J., Corbin A. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and LH-RH agonist termination of, pregnancy in hypophysectomized rats: extrapituitary site of action. Endocrinology 108: 273, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Khodr G.S., Siler-Khodr T.M. Placental luteinizing hormone-releasing factor and its synthesis. Science 207: 315, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ying S.Y., Ling N., Bohlen P., Guillemin R. Gonadocrinins: peptides in ovarian follicular fluid stimulating the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins. Endocrinology 108: 1206, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hillensjo T., Lemaire W.J. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists stimulate meiotic maturation of follicle-enclosed rat oocytes in vitro. Nature 287: 145, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Dekel N., Sherizly I. Induction of maturation in rat follicle-enclosed oocyte by forskolin. FEBS Lett. 151: 153, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Dekel N., Sherizly I., Phillips D.M., Nimrod A., Zilberstein M., Naor Z. Characterization of the maturational changes induced by a GnRH analogue in the rat ovarian follicle. J. Reprod. Fertil. 75: 461, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Sharpe R.M. Cellular aspects of the inhibitory actions of LH-RH on the ovary and testis. J. Reprod. Fertil. 64: 517, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Magoffin D.A., Reynolds D.S., Erickson G.F. Direct inhibitory effect of GnRH on androgen secretion by ovarian interstitial cells. Endocrinology 109: 661, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Behrman H.R., Preston S.L., Hall A.K. Cellular mechanism of the antigonadotropic action of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the corpus luteum. Endocrinology 107: 656, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Jones P.B.C., Hsueh A.J.W. Direct stimulation of ovarian progesterone-metabolizing enzyme by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cultured granulosa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 1248, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Hsueh A.J.W., Wang C., Erickson G.F. Direct inhibitory effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone upon follicle-stimulating hormone induction of luteinizing hormone receptor and aromatase activity in rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 106: 1697, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Knecht M., Katz M.S., Catt K.J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone inhibits cyclic nucleotide accumulation in cultured rat granulosa cells. J.Biol. Chem. 256: 34, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pfaff D.W. Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor potentiates lordosis behaviour in hypophysectomized ovariectomized female rats. Science 182: 1148, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Corbin A., Beattie C.W. Post-coital contraceptive and uterotrophic effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Endocr. Res. Commun. 2: 445, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Von Rechenberg W., Sandow J., Hahn M., Kille S., Klante G. Suppression of oestradiol secretion by continuous infusion of an LH-RH agonist (buserelin). Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) (Suppl.) 102: 136, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Levitan D., Beitins I.Z., Milton G., Barnes A., McArthur J.W. Insensitivity of bonnet monkeys to (D-Ala6, Des-Gly10)-LHRH ethylamide, a potent new luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue in rats and mice. Endocrinology 100: 918, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Ehara Y., Ryan K.J., Yen S.S.C. Insensitivity of synthetic LRF in LH-release of rhesus monkey. Contraception 6: 465, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Fraser H.M., Laird N.C., Blakeley D.M. Decreased pituitary responsiveness and inhibition of the luteinizing hormone surge and ovulation in the stumptailed monkey (Macaca arctoides) by chronic treatment with an agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 106: 452, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Borghi M.R., Niesvisky R., Balmaceda J.P., Coy D.H., Schally A.V., Asch R.H. Administration of LH-RH analogs delays ovulation without affecting the luteal function in rhesus monkeys Macaca-mulatta. Fertil. Steril. 40: 678, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Wilks J.W. Inhibition of folliculogenesis in the monkey following early follicular phase administration of an LH-RH agonist. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) 106: 538, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Borghi M.R., Niesvisky R., Coy D.H., Balmaceda J.P., Schally A.V., Asch R.H. Administration of agonistic analogs of LH-RH induce anovulation in Macaca-fasicularis. Contraception 27: 619, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Marut E.L., Williams R.F., Cowan B.D., Lynch A., Lerner S.P., Hodgen G.D. Pulsatile pituitary gonadotropin secretion during maturation of the dominant follicle in monkeys: estrogen positive feedback enhances the biological activity of LH. Endocrinology 109: 2270, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Fraser H.M. Effect of oestrogen on gonadotropin release in stumptailed monkey (Macaca arctoides) treated chronically with an agonist analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. J. Endocrinol. 91: 525, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Sopelak V.M., Williams R.F., Hodgen G.D. Ovarian and pituitary responsiveness of monkeys to GnRH and a GnRH agonist during the early and late follicular phase. In: Greenwald G.S., Terranova P.F. (Eds.), Factors regulating ovarian function. Raven Press, New York, 1983, p. 245.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I. Antagonism by an LH-RH agonist of the steroidogenic effects of exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin in the rhesus monkey. Life Sci. 27: 1409, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Asch R.H., Siler-Khodr T.M., Smith C.G., Schally A.V. Luteolytic effect of D-Trp6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 565, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Asch R.H., Eddy C.A., Schally A.V. Lack of luteolytic effect of D-Trp-6-LH-RH in hypophysectomized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Biol. Reprod. 25: 963, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Das C., Talwar G.P. Pregnancy-terminating action of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist D-Ser(But)6, Des-Gly10-Pro-EA in baboons. Fertil. Steril. 39: 218, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Balmaceda J.P., Borghi M.R., Burgus L., Pauerstein C.J., Schally A.V., Asch R.H. Effects of chronic administration of LH-RH agonists and antagonists on the menstrual cycle and endometrium of the rhesus monkey Macaca-mulatta. Contraception 29: 83, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Kerr-Wilson R.H.J., MacKenzie L., Fraser H.M. Effects of chronic LH-RH agonist treatment on the endometrium and ovaries of the stump-tailed macaque. Contraception 24: 647, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Fraser H.M., Sandow J. Suppression of follicular maturation by infusion of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist starting during the late luteal phase in the stump-tailed macaque monkey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 60: 579, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Fraser H.M. Effect of treatment for one year with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist on ovarian, thyroid and adrenal function and menstruation in the stump-tailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). Endocrinology 112: 245, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sundaram K., Cao Y.-Q., Wang N.-G., Bardin C.W., Rivier J., Vale W. Inhibition of the action of sex steroids by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists: a new biological effect. Life Sci. 28: 83, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Rajfer J., Heber D., Peng S., Swerdloff R.S. Effects of chronic D-Leu6, des-Gly10-gonadotropin releasing hormone ethylamide on male sex tissues. Biol. Reprod. 30: 646, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Lecomte P., Wang N.-G., Sundaram K., Rivier J., Vale W., Wayne Bardin C. The antiandrogenic action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its agonists on the mouse kidney. Endocrinology 110: 1, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Furr B.J.A., Nicholson R.I. Uses of analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone for the treatment of cancer. J. Reprod. Fertil. 64: 529, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Jan Y.N., Jan L.Y., Kuffler S.W. A peptide as a possible transmitter in sympathetic ganglia of the frog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 1501, 1979.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Nakanishi H., Kondo S., Fujii T. Pressor action of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the rat. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 31: 852, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Redding T.W., Schally A.V. Inhibition of prostate tumour growth in two rat models by chronic administration of D-Trp6 analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 6509, 1981.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Schally A.V., Redding T.W., Comaru-Schally A.M. Inhibition of prostate tumours by agonistic and antagonistic analogs of LH-RH. Prostate 4: 545, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Hierowski M.T., Altamirano P., Redding T.W., Schally A.V. The presence of LH-RH-like receptors in Dunning R 3327H prostate tumours. FEBS Lett. 154: 92, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Rose D.P., Pruitt B. Modification of the effect of a gonadoliberin analogue on 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced rat mammary tumour by hormone replacement. Cancer Res. 39: 3968, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Nicholson R.I., Maynard P.V. Anti-tumour activity of ICI 118, 630, a new potent luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Br. J. Cancer 39: 268, 1979.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Pruitt B., Rose D.P., Bryan G.T. Hormone dependence of N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU)- induced rat mammary tumors: response of two modes of anti-estrogen therapy. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 20: 87, 1979 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  153. Redding T.W., Schally A.V. Inhibition of mammary tumour growth in rats and mice by administration of agonistic and antagonistic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1459, 1983.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Nagasawa H., Chen C.L., Meites J. Relation between the growth of carcinogen-induced mammary cancers and serum prolactin values in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 142: 625, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Manni A., Trujillo J.E., Pearson O.H. Predominant role of prolactin in stimulating the growth of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced rat mammary tumour. Cancer Res. 37: 1216, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Danguy A., Legros N., Heuson-Stiennon J.A., Pasteels J.L., Atassi G., Heuson J.C. Effects of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue (A-43818) on 7, 12, dimethylbenz(a)-an-thracene-induced rat mammary tumours. Histological and endocrine studies. Eur. J.Cancer 13: 1089, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Schally A.V., Redding T.W., Comaru-Schally A.M. Potential use of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the treatment of hormone-sensitive neoplasms. Cancer Treat. Rep. 68: 281, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Bex F.J., Corbin A., France E. Resistance of the mouse to the antifertility effects of LH-RH agonists. Life Sci. 30: 1263, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Harwood J.P., Shafie S.M. Indirect effect of the GnRH agonist analog (buserelin) on the take, growth and regression of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in nude mice. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) 103: 91, 1983 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  160. Lamberts S.W.J., Uitterlinden P., Zuiderwijk-Roest J.M., Bons-Van Evelingen E.G., De Jong F. Effects of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog and tamoxifen on the growth of an estrogen-induced prolactin-secreting rat pituitary tumour and its influence on pituitary gonadotropins. Endocrinology 108: 1878, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. De Quijada M.G., Redding T.W., Coy D.H., Torres-Aleman I., Schally A.V. Inhibition of growth of a prolactin secreting pituitary tumor in rats by analogues of LH-RH and somatostatin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 3485, 1983.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Di Paolo T., Falardeau P. Effects of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog on the growth of estrogen-induced prolactin-secreting rat pituitary tumors and its influence on their dopamine receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 102: 383, 1984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Torres-Aleman I., Redding T.W., Schally A.V. Inhibition of growth of a prolactin and growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumor in rats by D-tryptophan-6 analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1252, 1985.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Corbin A. From contraception to cancer. A review of the therapeutic applications of LHRH analogues as antitumor agents. Yale J. Biol. Med. 55: 27, 1982.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Schally A.V., Comaru-Schally A.M., Redding T.W. Antitumour effects of analogs of hypothalamic hormones in endocrine-dependent cancers. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 175: 259, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. LHRH and its analogs: Contraceptive and therapeutic applications. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Donnelly R.J., Milsted R.A.V. Zoladex studies in prostatic and breast cancer. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs: contraceptive and therapeutic applications. Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 397.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Furr B.J.A., Milsted R.A.V. Role of LHRH analogues in cancer treatment. Reviews on Endocrine-Related Cancer 26: 5, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. LHRH and its analogs: Contraceptive and therapeutic applications. Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Valk T.W., Corley K.P., Kelch R.P., Marshall J.C. Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism: hormonal responses to low dose pulsatile administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 730, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Skarin G., Nillius S.J., Wibell L., Wide L. Chronic pulsatile low dose GnRH therapy for induction of testosterone production and spermatogenesis in a man with secondary hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 723, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Klingmuller D., Menger D., Schweikert H.U. Induction of puberty by pulsatile LHRH application. Acta Endocrinol: (Kbh.) 256(Suppl.): 78, 1983 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  173. Donald R.A., Wheeler M., Sonksen P.H., Lowy C. Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism resistant to hCG and responsive to LHRH: report of a case. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 18: 385, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Delemarre-Van de Waal H.A., Schoemaker J. Prolonged pulsatile LRH treatment in different frequency schedules in a hypogonadotropic male. Uppsala J. Med. Sci. 89: 67, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Happ J. Correction of infertility with LHRH agonists in the male. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs: contraceptive and therapeutic applications. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 299.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Hoffman A., Crowley W.F. LHRH therapy for hypogonadotrophic hypogonadal men. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs: contraceptive and therapeutic applications. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 285.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Morris D.V., Adeniyi-Jones R., Wheeler M., Sonksen P., Jacobs H.S. The treatment of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in men by the pulsatile infusion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 21: 189, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Crowley W.F., McArthur J.W. Simulation of the normal menstrual cycle in Kallman’s Syndrome by pulsatile administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 173, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Leyendecker G., Wildt L., Hansmann M. Pregnancies following chronic intermittent (pulsatile) administration of Gn-RH by means of a portable pump (“Zyklomat”). A new approach to the treatment of infertility in hypothalamic amenorrhea. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1214, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Reid R.L., Leopold G.R., Yen, S.S.C. Induction of ovulation and pregnancy with pulsatile luteinizing hormone releasing factor: dosage and mode of delivery. Fertil. Steril. 36: 553, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Skarin G., Nillius S.J., Wide L. Pulsatile low dose luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone treatment for induction of follicular maturation and ovulation in women with amenorrhoea. Acta Endocrinol. (Kbh.) 101: 78, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Liu J.H., Yen S.S.C. The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for the induction of ovulation. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 27: 975, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Mason P., Adams J., Marus D.V., Tucker M., Price J., Voulgaris Z., Van Der Spuy Z.M., Sutherland I., Chambers G.R., White S., Wheeler M.J., Jacobs H.S. Induction of ovulation with pulsatile luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Br. Med. J. 288: 181, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Saffan D., Seibel M.M. Ovulation induction with subcutaneous pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in various ovulatory disorders. Fertil. Steril. 45: 475, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Jacobs H.S., Porter R., Eshal A., Craft I. Profertility uses of LHRH agonist analogs. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs contraceptive and therapeutic applications, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 303.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Ory S.J. Ovulation induction with pulsatile LHRH. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, contraceptive and therapeutic applications, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 323.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Fauser B.C.J.M., Rolland R., Dony J.M.J., Corbey R.S. Long term, pulsatile, low dose, subcutaneous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone administration in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. Failure of therapeutic and hormonal response. Andrologia 17: 143, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Brook C.G.D., Dombey S. Induction of puberty: long-term treatment with high-dose LHRH. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 11: 81, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Rabin D., McNeil L.W. Long term therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in isolated gonadotropin deficiency: failure of therapeutic response. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 557, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Hoffman A.R., Crowley W.F. Induction of puberty in men by long-term pulsatile administration of low-dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone. N. Engl. J. Med. 307: 1237, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Wagner T.O.F., Brabant G., Warsch F., Hesch R.D., Von zur Muhlen A. Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment in idiopathic delayed puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62: 95, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Spona J., Gleispach H., Happ J., Kollmann F., Torresani T., Von der Ohe M. Changes of serum testosterone and of LH-RH test after treatment of cryptorchidism by intranasal LH-RH. Endocrinol. Exp. 13: 201, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Hadziselimovic F., Girard J., Herzog B., Stalder G. Hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism. Horm. Res. 16: 188, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Karpe B., Eneroth P., Ritzen E.M. LHRH treatment in unilateral cryptorchidism: effect in testicular descent and hormonal response. J. Pediatr. 103: 892, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Keogh E.J., Mackellar A., Mallal S.A., Dunn A.G., McColm S.C., Somerville C.P., Glatthaar T., Marshall T., Attikiouzel J. Treatment of cryptorchidism with pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). J. Pediatr. Surg. 18: 282, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Chilvers C., Jackson M.B., Pike M.C. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and cryptorchidism. Lancet 2: 101, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. De Muinck Keizer-Schrama S.M., Hazebroek F.W., Matroos A.W., Drop S.L., Molenaar J.C., Visser H.K. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone nasal spray in treatment of undescended testes. Lancet 1: 876, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Grant J.B.F., Ahmed S.R., Shalet S.M., Costello C.B., Howell A., Blacklock N.J. Testosterone and gonadotrophin profiles in patients on daily or monthly LHRH analogue ICI 118630 (Zoladex) compared with orchidectomy. Br. J. Urol. 58: 539, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Jacobi G.H., Wenderoth U.K., Erenthal W., von Wallenberg H., Spindler H.W., Engelmann U., Hohenfellner R. Endocrine and clinical evaluation of 107 patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma under long term pernasal buserelin or intramuscular decapeptyl depot treatment. In: Klijn J.G.M. (Ed.), Hormonal manipulation of cancer: peptides, growth factors and new (anti) steroidal agents. Raven Press, New York, 1987, p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Smith J.A., (for the leuprolide study group), Glode L.M., Wettlaufer J.N., Stein B.S., Glass A.G., Max D.T., Anbar D., Jagst C.L., Murphy G.P. Clinical effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 25: 106, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Guarneri D., Boccardo F., Decensi A., Massa T., Rubagotti A., Santi L., Giberti C., Martorana G., Giuliani L. Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer with a depot formulation of D-Trp6 LHRH. A multicentric phase 2 trial. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 22: 743, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  202. Garnick M.B., (and members of the Leuprolide Study Group). Leuprolide versus diethylstilboestrol for metastatic prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 311: 1281, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Emtage L.A., Trethowan C., Hilton C., Arkell D.G., Wallace D.M.A., Hughes M.A., Farrar D.J., Young C., Jones M., Hay A.M., Blacklock A.R.E., Rouse A.D., Blackledge G.R.P. A randomized trial comparing Zoladex 3.6 mg depot with stilboestrol 3mg/day in advanced prostate cancer: patient characteristics, responses and treatment failures. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 23: 1239, 1987 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  204. Peeling W.B. A phase 3 trial comparing ICI 118, 630 (Zoladex) with orchiectomy in the management of advanced prostatic cancer. In: Chisholm G.D. (Ed.), Zoladex, a new treatment for prostatic cancer. Royal Society of Medicine Services International Congress and Symposium Series Number 125: 27, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Parmar H., Lightman S.L., Allen L., Phillips R.H., Edwards L., Schally A.V. Randomized controlled study of orchidectomy vs long-acting D-Trp6-LHRH microcapsules in advanced prostatic carcinoma. Lancet 2: 1201, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Waxman J., Man A., Hendry W.F., Whitfield H.N., Besser G.M., Tiptaft R.C, Paris A.M.I., Oliver R.T.D. Importance of early tumour exacerbation in patients treated with long acting analogues of gonadotrophin releasing hormone for advanced prostatic cancer. Br. Med. J. 291: 1387, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Labrie F., Belanger A., Dupont A., Emond J., Lacoursiere Y., Monfette G. Combined treatment with LHRH agonist and pure antiandrogen in advanced carcinoma of prostate. Lancet 2: 1090, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Klijn J.G.M., de Voogt H.J., Schroeder F.H., de Jong F.H. Combined treatment with buserelin and cyproterone acetate in metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Lancet 2: 493, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Labrie F., Dupont A., Belanger A., Giguere M., Lacoursiere Y., Emond J., Monfette G., Bergeron V. Combination therapy with flutamide and castration (LHRH agonist or orchiectomy) in advanced prostate cancer: a marked improvement in response and survival. J. Steroid Biochem. 23: 833, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Klijn J.G.M., de Jong F.H., Lamberts S.W.J., Blankenstein M.A. LHRH agonist treatment in clinical and experimental human breast cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. 23: 867, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Williams M.R., Walker K.J., Turkes A., Blarney R.W., Nicholson R.I. The use of an LH-RH agonist (ICI 118630; Zoladex) in advanced premenopausal breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 53: 629, 1986.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Garnick M.B., Lipton A., Harvey A., Max D.T., Smith J.A., Glode L.M. Trials with leuprolide. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 383.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Harvey H.A., Lipton A., Santen R.J., Escher C., Hardy M.A., Glode L.M., Segaloff A., Landau R.L., Schneir H., Max D.T. Phase 2 study of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (leuprolide) in postmenopausal advanced breast cancer patients. Proceedings of the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Washington D.C., 1981, p. 444.

  214. Santen R.J., Manni A., Harvey H. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs for the treatment of breast and prostatic carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 7: 129, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Waxman J.H., Harland S.J., Coombes R.C., Wrigley P.F.M., Malpas J.S., Powles T., Lister T.A. The treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer with buserelin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 15: 171, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Plowman P.N., Nicholson R.I., Walker K.J. Remission of postmenopausal breast cancer during treatment with the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist ICI 118630. Br. J. Cancer 54: 903, 1986.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Miller W.R., Scott W.N., Morris R., Fraser H.M., Sharpe R.M. Growth of human breast cancer cells inhibited by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Nature 313: 231, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Dowsett M., Cantwell B.M.J., Lal A., Jeffcoate S.L., Harris A.L. Evidence that postmenopausal androgen secretion is under gonadotrophin drive. J. Endocrinol. 115 (Suppl.): Abstr. 25, 1987.

  219. Parmar H., Nicoll J., Stockdale A., Cassoni A., Phillips R.H., Lightman S.L., Schally A.V. Advanced ovarian carcinoma: response to the agonist D-Trp6-LHRH. Cancer Treat. Rep. 69: 1341, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Gonzalez-Barcena D., Rangel-Garcia N.E., Perez-Sanchez P.L., Gutierrez-Damperio C., Garcia-Carrasco F., Comaru-Schally A.M., Schally A.V. Response to D-Trp6-LH-RH in advanced adenocarcinoma of pancreas. Lancet 2: 154, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Glode L.M., Robinson J., Gould S.F. Protection from cyclophosphamide-induced testicular damage with an analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet 1: 1132, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Wang N.-G., Sundaram K., Pavlou S., Rivier J., Vale W., Bardin C.W. Mice are insensitive to the antitesticular effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists. Endocrinology 112: 331, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Da Cunha M.F., Meistrich M.L., Nader S. Absence of testicular protection by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue against cyclophosphamideinduced testicular cytotoxicity in the mouse. Cancer Res. 47: 1093, 1987.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Nseyo U.O., Huben R.P., Klioze S.S., Pontes J.E. Protection of germinal epithelium with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue. J. Urol. 134: 187, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Handelsman D.J., Peng S., Sikka S., Rajfer J. Potentiation of cis-platinum induced testicular damage in rats by GnRH analogs. In: Programme of the 67th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society., Baltimore M.D., 1985, p. 272.

  226. Ward J.A., Morris I.D., Shalet S.M.E., Furr B.J.A. Effect of treatment of rats with an LHRH agonist (Zoladex) on the magnitude of procarbazine and hydroxyureainduced testicular damage. J. Endocrinor. 108 (Suppl.): Abstr. 82, 1986.

  227. Goodpasture J.C., Vickery B.H. Interactions between an LHRH analogue and cancer chemotherapeutic agents at the testicular level in dogs. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, contraceptive and therapeutic applications, Part. 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 443.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Waxman J. Is it possible to conserve the fertility of patients with Hodgkin’s disease treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy? In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 461.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Johnson D.H., Linde R., Hainsworth J.D., Vale W., Rivier J., Stein R., Flexner J., van Welch R., Greco F.A. Effect of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist given during combination chemotherapy on post therapy fertility in male patients with lymphoma: preliminary observations. Blood 65: 832, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Gudmundsson J.A., Nillius S.J., Bergquist C. Inhibition of ovulation by intranasal nafarelin, a new superactive agonist of GnRH. Contraception 30: 107, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Nillius S.J., Bergquist C. LHRH agonists for female contraception. In: Vickey B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 207.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Schmidt Gollwitzer M., Hardt W., Schmidt Gollwitzer K. Risks and benefits of LHRH agonists as antifertility agents. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 243.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Monroe S.E., Andreyko J.L., Jaffe R.B. Clinical investigations of the contraceptive and therapeutic potential of nafarelin. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 257.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Hardt W., Genz T., Schmidt-Gollwitzer M. Antifertility by discontinuous treatment with buserelin in women. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 235.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Lemay A., Faure N. Intermittent LHRH agonist sequentially combined with a progestogen as antiovulatory contraception. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 411.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Bergquist C., Nillius S.J., Wide L., Lindgren A. Endometrial patterns in women on chronic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment for contraception. Fertil. Steril. 36: 339, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Casper R.F., Yen S.S.C. Induction of luteolysis in the human with a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor. Science 205: 408, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Bergquist C., Nillius S.J., Wide L. Effects of a luteinizing hormone-reléasing Mormone agonist on luteal function in women. Contraception 22: 287, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Sheehan K.L., Casper R.F., Yen S.S.C. Induction of luteolysis by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) agonist. Sensitivity, reproducibility and reversibility. Fertil. Steril. 37: 209, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Lemay A., Faure N., Labrie F., Fazekas A.T.A. Postcoital contraception with intranasal buserelin. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Linde R., Doelle G.C., Alexander N., Kirchner F., Vole W., Rivierer J., Rabin D. Reversible inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis by a potent gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist in normal men. N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 663, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Doelle G.C., Evans R.M., Alexander A.N., Rabin D. Effects of an LHRH agonist in men. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 271.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Bhasin S., Steiner B.S., Swerdloff R.S. LHRH agonists and male contraception. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 427.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Lemay A., Quesnel G. Potential new treatment of endometriosis: reversible inhibition of pituitary-ovarian function by chronic intranasal administration of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist. Fertil. Steril. 38: 376, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Meldrum D.R., Chang R.J., Lu J., Vale W., Rivier J., Judd H.L. “Medical oophorectomy” using a long-acting GnRH agonist — a possible new approach to the treatment of endometriosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54: 1081, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Pring D.W., Maresh M., Fraser A.C. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist in women with endometriosis. Br. Med. J. 287: 1718, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Shaw R.W., Fraser H.M., Boyle H. Intranasal treatment with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist in women with endometriosis. Br. Med. J. 287: 1667, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Schriock E., Monroe S.E., Henzl M., Jaffe R.B. Treatment of endometriosis with a potent agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (nafarelin). Fertil. Steril. 44: 583, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Henzl M.R., Monroe S.E. Treatment of endometriosis by nasal administration of nafarelin. In: Vickery B.H, Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 337.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Filicori M., Hall D.A., Loughlin J.S., Rivier J., Vale W., Crowley W.F. A conservative approach to the management of uterine leiomyoma: pituitary desensitization by a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 147: 726, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Healy D.L., Fraser H.M., Lawson S.L. Shrinkage of a uterine fibroid after subcutaneous infusion of a LHRH agonist. Br. Med. J. 289: 1267, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Maheux R., Guilloteau C., Lemay A., Bastide A., Fazekas A.T.A. Regression of leiomyomata uteri following hypoestrogenism induced by repetitive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist treatment: preliminary report. Fertil. Steril. 42: 644, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Healy D.L., Lawson S.R., Abbott M., Baird D.T., Fraser H.M. Toward removing uterine fibroids without surgery: subcutaneous infusion of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist commencing in the luteal phase. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63: 619, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Maheux R., Lemay A., Merat P. Use of intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist in uterine leiomyomas. Fertil. Steril. 47: 229, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Lumsdea M.A., West C.P., Baird D.T. Goserelin therapy before surgery for uterine fibroids. Lancet 1: 36, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Chang R.J., Laufer L.R., Meldrum D.R., Defazio J., Lu J.K.H., Vale W.W., Rivier J.E., Judd H.L. Steroid secretion in polycystic ovarian disease after ovarian suppression by a long acting gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56: 897, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Crowley W.F., Comite F., Vale W., Rivier J., Loriaux D.L., Cutler G.B. Therapeutic use of pituitary desensitization with a long acting LHRH agonist: a potential new treatment for idiopathic precocious puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 370, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Laron Z., Kauli R., Zeev Z.B., Comaru-Schally A.M., Schally A.V. D-Trp-6-analogue of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in combination with cyproterone acetate to treat precocious puberty. Lancet 2: 955, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Mansfield J.M., Beardsworth D.E., Loughlin J.S., Crawford J.D., Bode H.H., Rivier J., Vale W., Kushner D.C., Crigler J.F, Crowley W.F. Long term treatment of central precocious puberty with a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. N. Engl. J. Med. 309: 1286, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Comite F., Cutler G.B., Loriaux D.L. LHRH analog therapy of precocious puberty. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 315.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Donaldson M.D.C, Stanhope R., Lee T.J., Price D.A., Brook C.G.D., Savage D.C.L. Gonadotrophin responses to GnRH in precocious puberty treated with GnRH analogs. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 21: 499, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Kauli R., Pertzelan A., Ben-Zeev Z., Prager-Lewin R., Kaufman H., Comaru-Schally A.M., Schally A.V., Laron Z. Treatment of precocious puberty with LHRH analog in combination with cyproterone acetate-further experience. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 20: 377, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Luder A.S., Holland F.J., Costigan D.C., Jenner M.R., Weilgosz G., Fazekas A.T.A. Intranasal and subcutaneous treatment of central precocious puberty in both sexes with a long-acting analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 58: 966, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Pescovitz O.H., Comite F., Cassorla F., Dwyer A.J., Poth M.A, Sperling M.A, Hench K., McNemar A, Skerda M., Loriaux D.L., Cutler G.B. True precocious puberty complicating congenital adrenal hyperplasia: treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 58: 857, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Roger M., Chaussain J.-L., Berlier P., Best M., Canlorbe P., Colle M., Francais R., Garandeau P., Lahlou N., Morel Y., Schally A.V. Long term treatment of male and female precocious puberty by periodic administration of a long-acting preparation of D-Trp6-luteinizing hormone releasing hormone microcapsules, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62: 670, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Kirkland J.L., Lin T.H. Effects of nafarelin in precocious puberty. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, contraceptive and therapeutic applications, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 349.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Schroeder F.H., Westerhof M., Bosch R.J.L.H., Kurth K.H. Benign prostatic hyperplasia treated by castration or the LHRH analog buserelin: a report of 6 cases. Eur. J. Urol. 12: 318, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Gabrilove J.L., Levine A.C., Kirschenbaum A., Droller M. Effect of a GnRH analog (leuprolide) on benign prostatic hypertrophy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 1331, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Peters C.A. The effect of reversible androgen deprivation using an LHRH agonist on BPH. J. Urol. 137: Abstract 367A, 1987.

  270. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I. Male contraceptive potential of nafarelin acetate assessed in the dog. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Vickery B.H., McRae G.I., Goodpasture J.C. Clinical uses of LHRH analog in dogs. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, contraceptive and therapeutic applications, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 517.

    Google Scholar 

  272. McCleod B. Luteinizing hormone and ovarian follicular development in the ewe. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1982.

  273. McNatty K.P., Ball K., Gibb M., Hudson N., Thurley D.C. Induction of cyclic ovarian activity in seasonally anoestrous ewes with exogenous GnRH. J. Reprod. Fertil. 64: 93, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Britt J.H., Kittok R.J., Harrison D.S. Ovulation, estrus and endocrine response after GnRH in early postpartum cows. J.Anim. Sci. 39: 915, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Riley G.M., Peters A.R., Lamming G.E. Induction of pulsatile LH release, FSH release and ovulation in postpartum acyclic beef cows by repeated small doses of GnRH. J Reprod. Fertil. 63: 559, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Walters D.L., Short R.E., Convey E.M., Staigmiller R.B., Dunn T.G., Kaltenbach C.C. Pituitary and ovarian function in postpartum beef cows. 3 Induction of estrus, ovulation and luteal function with intermittent small-dose injections of GnRH. Biol. Reprod. 26: 655, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Schanbacher B.D. LHRH and its analogs in relation to livestock. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Garverick H.A., Stevenson J.S. Uses of LHRH and its analogs in cattle. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, contraceptive and therapeutic applications, Part. 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 499.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Skubiszewski B., Przekop F., Wolinska E., Stupnicka E., Wroblewska B, Domanski E. Effect of prolonged administration of small doses of LHRH and LHRH analog [D-Ser(Bu)t6] des Gly-NH210 ethylamide on the release of LH and induction of ovulation in mid-anoestrous ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 4: 269, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  280. McCleod B.J., Haresign W., Lamming G.E. Induction of ovulation in seasonally anoestrous ewes by continuous infusion of low doses of GnRH. J. Reprod. Fertil. 68: 489, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Wright P.J., Clarke I.J., Findlay J.K. The induction of fertile oestrus in seasonally anoestrous ewes using a continuous low dose administration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone. Austr. Vet. J. 60: 254, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Crim L.W. Actions of LHRH and its analogs in lower vertebrates. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J., Hafez E.S.E. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1984, p. 377.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Crim L.W., Peter R.E., van der Kraak G. The use of LHRH analogs in aquaculture. In: Vickery B.H., Nestor J.J. (Eds.), LHRH and its analogs, Part 2. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1987, p. 489.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Furr, B.J.A., Woodburn, J.R. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues: a review of biological properties and clinical uses. J Endocrinol Invest 11, 535–557 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350179

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03350179

Key-words

Navigation