Abstract
Circulating mineralocorticoid hormones are so named because of their important homeostatic properties that regulate salt and water balance via their action on epithelial cells. A broader range of functions in nonclassic target cellular sites has been proposed for these steroids and includes their contribution to wound healing following injury. A chronic, inappropriate (relative to intravascular volume and dietary sodium intake) elevation of these circulating hormones evokes a wound healing response in the absence of tissue injury — a wound healing response gone awry. The adverse remodeling of vascularized tissues seen in association with chronic mineralocorticoid excess is the focus of this review.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Weber K.T. Hormones and fibrosis: a case for lost reciprocal regulation. News Physiol. Sci. 9: 123, 1994.
Weinstock J.V. The significance of angiotensin I converting enzyme in granulomatous inflammation. Functions of ACE in granulomas. Sarcoidosis 3: 19, 1986.
Weber K.T., Sun Y., Katwa L.C., Cleutjens J.P.M. Connective tissue: a metabolic entity? J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27: 107, 1995.
Selye H. The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 6: 117, 1946.
Taubenhaus M., Amromin G.D. Influence of steroid hormones on granulation tissue Endocrinology 44: 359, 1949.
Robertson W. van B., Sanborn E.C. Hormonal effects on collagen formation in granulomas. Endocrinology 63: 250, 1958.
Schiller E. The influence of hormones on the development of silicotic nodules produced by intraperitoneal injection of quartz. Br. J. Indust. Med. 10: 1, 1953.
Ragan C., Howes E.L., Plotz C.M., Meyer K., Blunt J.W. Effect of cortisone on production of granulation tissue in the rabbit. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 72: 718, 1949.
Gerarde H.W., Jones M. The effect of cortisone on collagen synthesis in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 201: 553, 1953.
Pirani C.L., Stepto R.C., Sutherland K. Desoxycorticosterone acetate and wound healing. J. Exp. Med. 93: 217, 1951.
Hall C.E., Hall O. Hypertension and hypersalimentation. I. Aldosterone hypertension. Lab. Invest. 14: 285, 1965.
Brilla C.G., Pick R., Tan L.B., Janicki J.S., Weber K.T. Remodeling of the rat right and left ventricle in experimental hypertension. Circ. Res. 67: 1355, 1990.
Brilla C.G., Weber K.T. Reactive and reparative myocardial fibrosis in arterial hypertension in the rat. Cardiovasc. Res. 26: 671, 1992.
Sun Y., Ratajska A., Zhou G., Weber K.T. Angiotensin converting enzyme and myocardial fibrosis in the rat receiving angiotensin II or aldosterone. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 122: 395, 1993.
Robert V., Van Thiem N., Cheav S.L., Mouas C., Swynghedauw B., Delcayre C. Increased cardiac types I and III collagen mRNAs in aldosterone-salt hypertension. Hypertension 24: 30, 1994.
Young M., Fullerton M., Dilley R., Funder J. Mineralocorticoids, hypertension, and cardiac fibrosis. J. Clin. Invest. 93: 2578, 1994.
Brilla CG., Weber K.T. Mineralocorticoid excess, dietary sodium and myocardial fibrosis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 120: 893, 1992.
Brilla C.G., Matsubara L.S., Weber K.T. Anti-aldosterone treatment and the prevention of myocardial fibrosis in primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 25: 563, 1993.
Gómez Sánchez E.P. Mineralocorticoid modulation of central control of blood pressure. Steroids 60: 69, 1995.
Skelton F.R. The production of hypertension, nephrosclerosis and cardiac lesions by methylandrostenediol treatment in the rat. Endocrinology 53: 492, 1953.
Molteni A., Brownie A.C., Skelton F.R. Production of hypertensive vascular disease in the rat by methyltestosterone. Lab. Invest. 21: 129, 1969.
Molteni A., Nickerson P.A., Brownie A.C., Liu K. Effect of an ergoline derivative-nicergoline (SermionReg) on methylandrostenediol-induced hypertension in the rat. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 247: 119, 1980.
Salgado E., Selye H. The role of the adrenals in the production of cardiovascular and renal changes by methylandrostenediol. Arch. Int. Physiol. 62: 352, 1954.
Fink C.S., Gallant S., Brownie A.C. Peripheral serum corticosteroid concentrations in relation to the rat adrenal cortical circadian rhythm in androgen-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2: 617, 1980.
Brownie A.C., Bhasker C.R., Waterman M.R. Levels of adrenodoxin, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and cytochromes P-45011β, P-45021, P-450scc, in adrenal zona fasciculata-reticularis tissue from androgen-treated rats. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 55: 15, 1988.
Michna H. Collagen fibril dynamics in the anulus fibrosus induced by an anabolic steroid hormone. Acta Anat. (Basel) 135: 12, 1989.
Campbell S.E., Janicki J.S., Matsubara B.B., Weber K.T. Myocardial fibrosis in the rat with mineralocorticoid excess: prevention of scarring by amiloride. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 487, 1993.
Darrow D.C., Miller H.C. The production of cardiac lesions by repeated injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate. J. Clin. Invest. 21: 601, 1942.
Funder J.W., Duval D., Meyer P. Cardiac glucocorticoid receptors: the binding of tritiated dexamethasone in rat and dog heart. Endocrinology 93: 1300, 1973.
Pearce P., Funder J.W. High affinity aldosterone binding sites (type I receptors) in rat heart. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 14: 859, 1987.
Meyer W.J. III, Nichols N.R. Mineralocorticoid binding in cultured smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts from rat aorta. J. Steroid Biochem. 14: 1157, 1981.
Lombès M., Oblin M.-E., Gasc J.-M., Baulieu E.E., Farman N., Bonvalet J.-P. Immunohistochemical and biochemical evidence for a cardiovascular mineralocorticoid receptor. Circ. Res. 71: 503, 1992.
Slight S., Ganjam V.K., Nonneman D.J., Weber K.T. Glucocorticoid metabolism in the cardiac interstitium: 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in cardiac fibroblasts. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 122: 180, 1993.
Slight S., Ganjam V.K., Weber K.T. Species diversity of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the cardiovascular system. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 124: 821, 1994.
Allen S., Nonneman D., Slight S., Ganjam V., Weber K.T. Mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells (Abstract). Clin. Res. 41: 665A, 1993.
Brilla C.G., Zhou G., Matsubara L., Weber K.T. Collagen metabolism in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts: response to angiotensin II and aldosterone. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 26: 809, 1994.
Zhou G., Tyagi S.C., Weber K.T. Bradykinin regulates collagen turnover in cardiac fibroblasts (Abstract). Clin. Res. 41: 630A, 1993.
Weber K.T., Janicki J.S., Shroff S.G., Pick R., Chen R.M., Bashey R.I. Collagen remodeling of the pressure-overloaded, hypertrophied nonhuman primate myocardium. Circ. Res. 62: 757, 1988.
Medugorac I. Collagen content in different areas of normal and hypertrophied rat myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res. 14: 551, 1980.
Hatakeyama H., Miyamori I., Fujita T., Takeda Y., Takeda R., Yamamoto H. Vascular aldosterone. Biosynthesis and a link to angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 24316, 1994.
Campbell S.E., Diaz-Arias A.A., Weber K.T. Fibrosis of the human heart and systemic organs in adrenal adenoma. Blood Press. 1: 149, 1992.
Potts J.L., Dalakos T.G., Streeten D.H.P., Jones D. Cardiomyopathy in an adult with Bartter’s syndrome: hemodynamic, angiographic, and metabolic studies. Am. J. Cardiol. 40: 995, 1977.
Doering C.W., Jalil J.E., Janicki J.S., Pick R., Aghili S., Abrahams C., Weber K.T. Collagen network remodeling and diastolic stiffness of the rat left ventricle with pressure overload hypertrophy. Cardiovasc. Res. 22: 686, 1988.
Jalil J.E., Doering C.W., Janicki J.S., Pick R., Shroff S.G., Weber K.T. Fibrillar collagen and myocardial stiffness in the intact hypertrophied rat left ventricle. Circ. Res. 64: 1041, 1989.
Jalil J.E., Janicki J.S., Pick R., Weber K.T. Coronary vascular remodeling and myocardial fibrosis in the rat with renovascular hypertension: response to captopril. Am. J. Hypertens. 4: 51, 1991.
Funder J.W. Target tissue specificity of mineralocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 1: 145, 1990.
Rosen H., Blumenthal A., McCallum J. Effect of Asiaticoside on wound healing in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 125: 279, 1967.
Sloan J., Weaver J.A. A case of polyarteritis developing after carbenoxolone therapy. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 1: 505, 1968.
Goodier T.E.W. Histopathology of gastric ulcers treated with carbenoxolone. In: Robson J.M., Sullivan F.M. (Eds.), Carbenoxolone sodium. Butterworths, London, 1968, p. 111.
Fraser P.M., Doll R., Langman M.J.S., Misiewicz J.J., Shawdon H.H. Clinical trial of a new carbenoxolone analogue (BX24), zinc sulphate, and vitamin A in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Gut 13: 459, 1972.
Thompson R.C. Jr., Ludewig R.M., Wangensteen S.L., Rudolf L.M. Effects of heparin on wound healing. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 134: 22, 1972.
Carter J.R., Hagen A.A., Biggs J.T., Troop R.C. Inhibition of adrenal steroid metabolism by heparin in vivo. Metabolism 17: 352, 1968.
Wright T.C. Jr., Pukac L.A., Castellot J.J. Jr., Karnovsky M.J., Levine R.A., Kim-Park H.-Y., Campisi J. Heparin suppresses the induction of c-fos and c-myc mRNA in murine fibroblasts by selective inhibition of a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86: 3199, 1989.
Del Vecchio P.J., Bizios R., Holleran L.A., Judge T.K., Pinto G.L. Inhibition of human scierai fibroblast proliferation with heparin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 29: 1272, 1988.
Azukizawa S., Iwasaki I., Kigoshi T., Uchida K., Morimoto S. Effects of heparin treatments in vivo and in vitro on adrenal angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production in rats. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 119: 367, 1988.
Bailey R.E., Ford H.C. The effect of heparin on sodium conservation and on the plasma concentration, the metabolic clearance and the secretion and excretion rates of aldosterone in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 60: 249, 1969.
O’Kelly R., Magee F., McKenna T.J. Routine heparin therapy inhibits adrenal aldosterone production. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56: 108, 1983.
Sherman R.A., Ruddy M.C. Suppression of aldosterone production by low-dose heparin. Am. J. Nephrol. 6: 165, 1986.
Kageyama Y., Suzuki H., Saruta T. Effects of routine heparin therapy on plasma aldosterone concentration. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 124: 267, 1991.
Wilson I.D., Goetz F.C. Selective hypoaldosteronism after prolonged hepr arin administration. Am. J. Med. 36: 635, 1964.
Thompson R.C. Jr. Heparin osteoporosis: an experimental model using rats. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 55-A: 606, 1973.
Sarzani R., Brecher P., Chobanian A.V. Growth factor expression in aorta of normotensive and hypertensive rats. J. Clin. Invest. 83: 1404, 1989.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Weber, K.T., Sun, Y., Campbell, S.E. et al. Vascular remodeling and mineralocorticoids. J Endocrinol Invest 18, 533–539 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03349764
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03349764