Skip to main content
Log in

Influence of melatonin and photoperiod on animal and human reproduction

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Lerner A.B., Case J.D., Takahashi Y., Lee T.H., Mori N. Isolation of melatonin, pineal factor that lightens melanocytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80: 2587, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Reiter R.J. Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions. Endocr. Rev. 12: 151, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arendt J. Mammalian pineal rhythms. Pineal Res. Rev. 3: 161, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cardinali D.P. Melatonin. A mammalian pineal hormone. Endocr. Rev. 2: 327, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Preslock J.P. The pineal gland: basic implications and clinical correlations. Endocr. Rev. 5: 282, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cardinali D.P., Vacas M.I. Cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling melatonin release by mammalian pineal gland. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 7: 323, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Krause D.N., Dubocovich M.L. Regulatory sites in the melatonin system of mammals. T.I.N.S. 13: 464, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sugden D. Circadian changes in rat pineal tryptophan content: lack of correlation with serum tryptophan. J. Neurochem. 33: 811, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Stehle J.H., Foulkes N.S., Molina C.A., Simonneaux V., Pevet P., Sassone-Corsi P. Adrenergic signals direct rhythmic expression of transcriptional repressor CREM in the pineal gland. Nature 365: 314, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Takahashi J.S. Circadian clocks à la CREM. Nature 365: 299, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Klein D.C., Sugden D., Weiler J.L. Postsynaptic alpha adrenergic receptors potentiate the beta adrenergic stimulation of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 599, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Cardinali D.P., Lynch H.J., Wurtman R.J. Binding of melatonin to human and rat plasma proteins. Endocrinology 91: 1213, 1972.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Mallo C., Zaidan R., Galy G., Vermeulen E., Brun J., Chazot G., Claustrat B. Pharmacokinetics of melatonin in man after intravenous infusion and bolus injection. Eur. J. Clin Pharmacol. 38: 297, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pardridge W.M., Mietus L.J. Transport of albumin-bound melatonin through the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 34: 1761, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brzezinski A., Scibel M.M., Lynch H.J., Deng M.H., Wurtman R.J. Melatonin in human preovulatory follicular fluid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 865, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ronnberg L., Kauppila A., Leppaluoto J., Martikainen H., Vakkuri O. Circadian and seasonal variation in human preovulatory follicular fluid melatonin concentration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71: 493, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yie S.M., Brown G.M., Liu G.Y., Collins J.A., Daya S., Hughes E.G., Foster W.G., Youglai E.V. Melatonin and steroids in human preovulatory follicular fluid:seasonal variation and granulosa cell steroid production. Human Reprod. 10: 50, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Oosthuizen J.M.C., Bornman M.S., Schulenburg G.W. Melatonin impairs sperm motility: a novel finding. S. Afr. Med. J. 70: 566, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bornman M.S., Oosthuizen J.M.C., Barnard H.C., Schulenburg G.W., Boomker D., Reif S. Melatonin and sperm motility. Andrologia 21: 483, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mitchell M.D., Sayers L., Keirse M.J..C., Anderson A.B.M., Turnbull A.C. Melatonin in amniotic fluid during human parturition. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 85: 684, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kivela K., Kauppila A., Leppaluoto J., Vakkuri O. Serum and amniotic fluid melatonin during human labor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 69: 1065, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Reppert S.M., Klein D.C. Transport of maternal (3H) melatonin to suckling rats and the fate of (3H) melatonin in the neonatal rat. Endocrinology 102: 582, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Velazquez E., Esquifino A.I., Zueco J.A., Albusac J.M.R., Blazquez E. Evidence that circadian variations of circulating melatonin levels in fetal and suckling rats are dependent on maternal melatonin transfer. Neuroendocinology 55: 321, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Illnerova H., Buresova M., Presl J. Melatonin rhythm in human milk. J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab. 77: 838, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Reiter R.J., Poeggler B., Tan D.-X., Chen L.-D., Manchester L.C., Guerrero J.M. Antioxidant capacity of melatonin: a novel action not requiring a receptor. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 15: 103, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Poeggler B., Reiter R.J., Tan D.-X., Chen L.D., Manchester L.C. Melatonin, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidative damage, and aging: a hypothesis. J. Pineal Res. 14: 151, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Reppert S.M., Weaver D.R., Ebisawa T. Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian response. Neuron 13: 1177, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zisapel N. Melatonin receptors revisited. J. Neural Transm. 73: 1, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Vanecek J. Melatonin binding sites. J. Neurochem. 51: 1436, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morgan P.J., Williams L.M. Central melatonin receptors:implications for a mode of action. Experientia 45: 955, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Krause D.N., Dubocovich M.L. Regulatory sites in the melatonin system of mammals. T.I.N.S. 13: 464, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Stankov B., Reiter R.J. Melatonin receptors: current status, facts, and hypothesis. Life Sci. 46: 971, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Morgan P.J., Barrett P., Howell H.E., Helliwell R. Melatonin receptors: localization, molecular pharmacology and physiological significance. Neurochem. Int. 24: 101, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Weaver D.R., Reppert S.M. Melatonin receptors are present in the ferret pars tuberalis and pars distalis, but not in the brain. Endocrinology 127: 2607, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Stankov B., Moller M., Lucini V., Capsoni S., Fraschini F. A carnivore species (Canis familiaris) expresses circadian melatonin rhythm in the peripheral blood and melatonin receptors in the brain. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 131: 191, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Masson-Pevet M., George D., Kalsbeek A., Saboureau M., Lakhdar-Gazal N., Pevet P. An attempt to correlate brain areas containing melatonin-binding sites with rhythmic functions: a study in five hibemator species. Cell. Tissue Res. 278: 97, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Duncan M.J., Davis F.C. Developmental appearance and age related changes in specific 2-(125I)iodomelatonin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of female Syrian hamster. Brain Res. Rev. Brain Res. 73: 205, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Duncan M.J. Photopheriodic effects on puberty and specific 2-(125I)iodomelatonin binding sites in Siberian hamsters. Brain Res. 640: 316, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bonnefond C., Monnerie R., Richard J.P., Martinet L. Melatonin and the circadian clock in mink: effects of daily injections of melatonin on circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and autoradiographic localization of melatonin binding sites. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5: 241, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bittman E.L., Weaver D.R. The distribution of melatonin binding sites in neuroendocrine tissues of the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 43: 986, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. de Revier M.-M., Tillet Y., Pelletier J. Melatonin binding sites in the brain of sheep exposed to light or pinealectomized. Neurosci. Lett. 121: 17, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Helliwell R.J., Williams M.L. The development of melatonin binding sites in the ovine fetus. J. Endocrinol. 142: 475, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Stankov B., Cozzi B., Lucini V., Fumagalli P., Scaglione F., Fraschini F. Characterization and mapping of melatonin receptors in the brain of three mammalian species: rabbit, horse and sheep. A comparative in vitro binding study. Neuroendocrinology 53: 214, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Stankov B., Capsoni S., Lucini V., Fauteck J., Gatti S., Gridelli B., Biella G., Cozzi B., Fraschini F. Autoradiographic localization of putative melatonin receptors in the brains of two old world primates: cercopithecus aethiops and papio ursinus. Neuroscience 52: 459, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Weaver D.R., Stehle J.H., Stopa E.G., Reppert S.M. Melatonin receptors in human hypothalamus and pituitary: implications for circadian and reproductive responses to melatonin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76: 295, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Reppert S.M., Weaver D.R., Rivkees S.A., Stopa E.G. Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock. Science 242: 78, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Recio J., Cardinali D.P., Sanchez-Barcelo E.J. 2-(125I)iodomelatonin binding sites in murine mammary tissue. Biol. Signals 3: 85, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Recio J., Mediavilla M.D., Cardinali D.P., Sanchez-Barcelo E.J. Pharmacological profile and diurnal rhythmicity of 2-(125I)-iodomelatonin binding sites in murine mammary tissue. J. Pineal Res. 16: 10, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ayre E.A., Pang S.F. 2-(125I)iodomelatonin binding sites in the testis and ovary: putative melatonin receptors in the gonads. Biol. Signals 3: 71, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Van Vuuren R.J., Pitout M.J., van Aswegen C.H., Theron J.J. Putative melatonin receptor in human spermatozoa. Clin. Biochem. 25: 125, 1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Yie S.-M., Niles L.P., Younglai E.V. Melatonin receptors on human granulosa cell membranes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 5, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Reiter R.J. The melatonin rhythm: both a clock and a calendar. Experientia 49: 654, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Rollang M.D., Panke E.S., Reiter R.J. Pineal melatonin content in male hamsters throughout the seasonal reproductive cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 165: 330, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Bittman E.L., Dempsey R.J., Karsch F.J. Pineal melatonin secretion drives the reproductive response to daylength in the ewe. Endocrinology 113: 2276, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tamarkin L., Baird C.J., Almeida O.F.X. Melatonin: a coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction? Science 227: 714, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Underwood H., Goldman B.D. Vertebrate circadian and photoperiodic systems: role of the pineal gland and melatonin. J. Biol. Rhythms 2: 279, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Goldman B.D., Elliott J.A. Photoperiodism and seasonality in hamsters: role of the pineal gland. In: Stetson M.H. (Ed.), Processing of environmental information in vertebrates. Springer, New York, 1988, p. 283.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Earl C.R., D’Occhio M.J., Kennaway D.J., Seamark R.F. Mechanisms controlling the offset of melatonin secretion in the ewe. J. Pineal Res. 8: 49, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wehr T.A. The durations of human melatonin secretion and sleep respond to changes in daylength (photoperiod). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 1276, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Illnerova H., Zvolsky P., Vanecek J. The circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin concentration of the urbanized man: the effect of summer and winter time. Brain Res. 328: 186, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bojkowski C.J., Arendt J. Annual changes in 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion in man. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 117: 470, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Levine M.E., Milliron A.N., Duffy LK. Diurnal seasonal rhythms of melatonin, Cortisol and testosterone in interior Alaska. Arctic Med. Res. 53: 25, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Illnerova H., Vanecek J. Two-oscillator structure of the pacemaker controlling the circadian rhythm of N-acetyltransferase in the rat pineal gland. J. Comp. Physiol. 145: 539, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Illnenova H., Vanecek J., Hoffman K. Different mechanisms of phase delays and phase advances of the circadian rhythm in rat pineal N-acetyltransferase activity. J.Biol. Rhythms 4: 187, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Illnerova H. The suprachiasmatic nucleus and rhythmic pineal melatonin production. In: Klein D.C., Moore R.Y., Reppert. S.M., (Eds.), Suprachiasmatic nucleus. The Mind’s clock. Oxford University, N.Y. Oxford, 1991, p. 197.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Elliott J.A., Tamarkin L. Complex circadian regulation of pineal melatonin and wheel-running in Syrian hamsters. J. Comp. Physiol. 174: 469, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Yen S.S.C. Bright light induced circadian phase-shift is antagonized by contemporaneous melatonin administration. In 77th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Washington DC., June 14–17, 1995, Abs.PI–97.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Yen S.S.C. Melatonin antagonizes light-induced phase-shifts of the human circadian rhythms. Am. J. Phisiol, 1996 submitted.

  69. Reiter R.J. Static and extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Their reported effects on the circadian production of melatonin. J. Cell Biochem. 51: 394, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Jentsch A., Lehmann M., Scone E., Thoss F., Zimmermann G. Weak magnetic fields change extinction of a conditioned reaction on daytime melatonin levels in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 157: 79, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kato M., Honma K., Shigemitsu T., Shiga Y. Circularly polarized 50-Hz magnetic field exposure reduces pineal gland and blood melatonin concentrations of Long-Evans rats. Neurosci. Lett. 166: 59, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kato M., Honma K., Shigemitsu T., Shiga Y. Horizontal or vertical 50-Hz, 1-microT magnetic fields have no effect on pineal gland or plasma melatonin concentrations of albino rats. Neurosci. Lett. 168: 205, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Grota L.J., Reiter R.J., Keng, P., Michaelson S. Electric field exposure alters serum melatonin but not pineal melatonin synthesis in male rats. Bioelectromagnetics 15: 427, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Yellon S.M. Acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposure effects on the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland and circulation of the adult Djungarian hamster. J. Pineal Res. 16: 136, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Schneider T., Thalau H.P., Semm P. Effects of light or different earth-strength magnetic fields on the nocturnal melatonin concentration in a migratory bird. Neurosci. Lett. 168: 73, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Menaker M., Wisner S. Temperature compensated circadian clock in the pineal Anolis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 6119, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Underwood H., Calaban M. Pineal melatonin rhythms in the lizard Anolis carolinensis: 1. Response to light and temperature cycles. J. Biol. Rhythms 2: 179, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Firth B.T., Kennaway D.J. Thermoperiod and photoperiod interact to affect the phase of the plasma melatonin rhythm in the lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. Neurosci. Lett. 106: 125, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Firth B.T., Kennaway D.J., Belan I. Thermoperiodic influences on plasma melatonin rhythms in the lizard Tiliqua rugosa: effect of thermophase duration. Neurosci. Lett. 121: 139, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Max M., Menaker M. Regulation of melatonin production by light, darkness, and temperature in the trout pineal. J. Comp. Physiol. 170: 479, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Falcon J., Bolliet V., Ravault J.P., Chesneau D., Ali M.A., Collin J.P. Rhythmic secretion of melatonin by the superfused pike pineal organ: thermo- and photoperiod interaction. Neuroendocrinology 60: 535, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Stokkan K.-A., Nonaka K.O., Lerchl A., Vaughan M.K., Reiter R.J. Low temperature stimulates pineal activity in Syrian hamsters. J. Pineal Res. 10: 43, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Johnson L.Y., Vaughan M.K., Richardson B.A., Petterborg L.J., Reiter R.J. Variation in pineal melatonin content during the estrous cycle of the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 169: 416, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rollag M.D., Chen H.J., Ferguson B.N., Reiter R.J. Pineal melatonin content throughout the hamster estrous cycle. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 162: 211, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Rollag M.D., O’Callaghan P.L., Niswender G.D. Serum melatonin concentrations during different stages of the annual reproductive cycle in ewes. Biol. Reprod. 18: 279, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Arendt J., Laud A., Symons A.M., Pryde S.J. Plasma melatonin in ewes after ovariectomy. J. Reprod. Fertil. 68: 213, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Maxwell C.A., Rintoul A.J., Foldes A., Downing J.A., Scaramuzzi R.J., Carter N.B. Seasonal modification of ovine pineal function. 2. Steroidal effects on melatonin and prolactine profiles. Neuroendocrinology 50: 274, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wilson M.E., Lackey S., Chikazawa K., Gordon T.P. The amplitude of the nocturnal melatonin concentrations is not decreased by oestradiol and does not alter reproductive function in adolescent and adult female rhesus monkey. J. Endocrinol. 137: 299, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Wetterberg L., Arendt J., Paunier L., Sizoneko P.C., van Donselaar W., Heyden T. Human serum melatonin changes during the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42: 185, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Webley G.E., Leidenberger F. The circadian pattern of melatonin and its positive relationship with progesterone in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63: 323, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Fernandez B., Malde J.L., Montero A., Acuna D. Relationship between adenohypophyseal and steroid hormones and variations in serum and urinary melatonin levels during the ovarian cycle, per-imenopause and menopause in healthy women. J. Steroid Biochem. 35: 257, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Brun J., Claustrat B., David M. Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 116: 145, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Murialdo G., Fonzi S., Costelli P., Solinas G.P., Parodi C., Marabini S., Fanciullacci M., Polleri A. Urinary melatonin excretion throughout the ovarian cycle in menstrually related migraine. Cephalgia 14: 205, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Penny R., Stanczyk F., Goebelsmann U. Melatonin: data consistent with a role in controlling ovarian function. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 10: 449, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Fellenberg A.J., Phillipou G., Seamark R.F. Urinary 6-sulphatoxy melatonin excretion during the human menstrual cycle. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 17: 71, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Penny R., Goebelsmann U. Effect of estradiol on plasma melatonin levels. J. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) Invest. 7: 55, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Okatani Y., Sagara Y. Enhanced nocturnal melatonin secretion in women with functional secondary amenorrhea: relationship to opioid system and endogenous estrogen levels. Horm. Res. 43: 194, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Laughlin G.A., Yen S.S.C. Modification of the circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: the role of melatonin. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 25, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Brzezinski A., Lynch H.J., Scibel M.M., Deng M.H., Nader T.M., Wurtman R.J. The circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin during the normal menstrual cycle and in amenorrheic women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 891, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Berga S.L., Yen S.S.C. Circadian pattern of plasma melatonin concentrations during four phases of the human menstrual cycle. Neuroendocrinology 51: 606, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Zimmermann R.C., Schroder S., Baars S., Schumacher M., Weise H-C. Melatonin and the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. Fertil. Steril. 54: 612, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Cagnacci A., Yen S.S.C. Circadian rhythms of core body temperature (cBT) in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle: differential effect of hypothermic action of melatonin. In 39th Annual Meeting Society for Gynecologic Investigation, San Antonio, Texas, March 18–21 1992, Abst. 599.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Melis G.B., Yen S.S.C. Gonadal steroid modulation of melatonin action. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 7 (suppl. 1): 49, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Delfs T.M., Baars S., Fock C., Schumacher M., Olcese J., Zimmermann R.C. Sex steroids do not alter melatonin secretion in the human. Hum. Reprod. 9: 49, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Berga S.L., Jones K.L., Kaufmann S., Yen S.S.C. Nocturnal melatonin levels are unaltered by ovarian suppression in girls with central precocious puberty. Fertil. Steril. 52: 936, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Schober E., Waldhauser F., Frisch H., Schuster E., Bieglmayer C. Melatonin secretion in Turner’s syndrome: lack of effect of oestrogen administration. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 31: 475, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Laufer N. The pattern of serum melatonin levels during ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Int. J. Fertil. Menopausal Stud. 39: 81, 1994.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Canonaco M., Tavolaro R., Facciolo R.M., Artero R.M., Franzoni M.F. Combined gonadal and photic influences on 2-(125I)iodomelatonin-binding level changes in some brain areas of the quail. J. Exp. Zool. 269: 383, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Laudon M., Zisapel N. Impact of circulating estradiol on melatonin binding sites in discrete areas of the female rat brain. Brain Res. 402: 146, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Zisapel N., Anis Y. Impact of circulating testosterone on iodomelatonin binding sites in the male rat brain. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 60: 119, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Zisapel N., Egozi Y., Laudon M. Inhibition by melatonin of dopamine release from rat hypothalamus in vitro: variations with sex and the estrous cycle. Neuroendocrinology 37: 41, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Zisapel N., Shahrabani M., Laudon M. Regulation of melatonin’s activity in the female rat brain by estradiol: effects on neurotransmitter release and on iodomelatonin binding sites. Neuroendocrinology 46: 707, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Vanecek J., Kosar E., Vorlicek J. Daily changes in melatonin binding sites and the effect of castration. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 73: 165, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Seltzer A., Viswanathan M., Saavedra M. Melatonin-binding sites in brain and caudal arteries of the female rat during the estrous cycle and after estrogen administration. Endocrinology 130: 1896, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Cagnacci A., Elliott J.A., Yen S.S.C. Melatonin a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75: 447, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Romagnolo C., Yen S.S.C. Melatonin-induced decrease of body temperature in women: a threshold event. Neuroendocrinology 60: 549, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Yen S.S.C. The effect of light on core body temperature is mediated by melatonin in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76: 136, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Yen S.S.C. Hypothermic effect of melatonin and nocturnal core temperature decline are reduced in aged women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 314, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Cagnacci A., Elliott J.A., Yen S.S.C. Amplification of pulsatile LH secretion by exogenous melatonin in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 210, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Melis G.B., Yen S.S.C. The effect of melatonin on LH secretion and core body temperature is modulated by gonadal steroids in woman. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 16 (Suppl. 1): 63, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Yen S.S.C. Exogenous melatonin enhances luteinizing hormone levels of women in the follicular but not in the luteal menstrual phase. Fertil. Steril. 63: 996, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Paoletti A.M., Falqui A., Draetta F.P., Melis G.B. Melatonin enhances gonadotrophin response to GnRH in early follicular phase women. In 76th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Anaheim, CA, June 15–18, 1994, Abst. 852.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Cagnacci A., Paoletti A.M., Soldani R., Orru M., Maschio E., Melis G.B. Melatonin enhances the luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the follicular, but not in the luteal menstrual phase. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 1095, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Yen S.S.C. Melatonin enhances Cortisol levels in aged but not young women. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 133: 691, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Reiter R.J. Pineal control of a seasonal reproductive rhythm in male golden hamsters exposed to natural daylight and temperature. Endocrinology 92: 423, 1973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hoffman K. The influence of photoperiod and melatonin on testes size, body weight, and pelage colour in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). J. Comp. Physiol. 85: 267, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Berndtson W.E., Desjardin C. Circulating LH and FSH levels and testicular function in hamsters following light deprivation and subsequent photoperiodic stimulation. Endocrinology 95: 195, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Yellon S.M., Goldman B.D. Photoperiod control of reproductive development in the male Djungarian hamster. Endocrinology 114: 664, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Zucker I., Johnston P.G., Frost D. Comparative, physiological and biochronometric analyse of rodent seasonal reproductive cycles. Prog. Reprod. Biol. 5: 102, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Yellon S.M., Goldman B.D. Photoperiod control of reproductive development in the male djungarian hamster. Endocrinology 114: 664, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Buchanan K.L., Yellon S.M. Delayed puberty in the male Djungarian hamster: effect of short photoperiod or melatonin treatment on the GnRH neuronal system. Neuroendocrinology 54: 96, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Carter D.S., Goldman B.D. Antigonadal effects of timed melatonin infusion in pinealectomized male Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus sungorus): duration is the critical parameter. Endocrinology 113: 1261, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Yellon S.M., Carter D.S., Goldman B.D. Gonadal development during puberty in the Siberian hamster is delayed by melatonin injection and exposure to short photoperiod: correlation with the ontogeny of the rhythm in pineal melatonin content. Endocrinology 106: 192A, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Hoffman K., Illrenova H, Vanecek J. Change in duration of nighttime melatonin peak may be a signal driving photoperiodic responses in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Neurosci. Lett. 67: 68, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Brackmann M. Involvement of the pineal organ in the regulation of puberty in the djungarian hamster (Phodopus Sungorus). J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 13: 357, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Carter D.S., Goldman B.D. Progonadal role of the pineal in the Diungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus sungorus): mediation by melatonin. Endocrinology 113: 1268, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Darrow J.M., Davis F.C., Elliott J.A., Stetson M.H., Turek F.W., Menaker M. Influence of photoperiod on reproductive development in the golden hamster. Biol. Reprod. 22: 443, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Hong S.M., Stetson M.S. Functional maturation of the gonads of Turkish hamsters under various photoperiod. Biol. Reprod. 34: 858, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Foster D.L. Mechanism for delay of first ovulation in lambs born in the wrong season (Fall). Biol. Reprod. 25: 85, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Foster D.L. Photoperiod and sexual maturation of the female lamb: early exposure to short days perturbs estradiol feedback inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion and produces abnormal ovarian cycles. Endocrinology 112: 11, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Yellon S.M., Foster D.L. Alternate photoperiods time puberty in the female lamb. Endocrinology 116: 2090, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Foster D.L., Karsch F.J., Olster D.H., Ryan K.D., Yellon S.M. Determinants of puberty in a seasonal breeder. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 42: 331, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Foster D.L., Yellon S.M., Ebling F.J.P., Claypool L.E. Are ambient short-day cues necessary for puberty in a short-day breeder? Biol. Reprod. 38: 821, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ebling F.J.P., Kushler R.H., Foster D.L. Pulsatile LH secretion during sexual maturation in the female sheep: photoperiodic regulation in the presence and absence of ovarian steroid feedback as determined in the same individual. Neuroendocrinology 52: 229, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Kennaway D.J., Peek J.C., Gilmore T.A., Royles P. Pituitary response to LHRH, LH pulsatility and plasma melatonin and prolactin changes in ewe lambs treated with melatonin implants to delay puberty. J. Reprod. Fertil. 78: 137, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Kennaway D.J., Gilmore T.A. Effects of melatonin implants in ewe lambs. J. Reprod. Fertil. 70: 39, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Foster D.L., Ebling F.J.P., Claypool L.E., Wood R.I., Adel T.E., Schramm W. Amplitude modulation of the nightly melatonin rise in the neonatal lamb and the subsequent timing of puberty. Biol. Reprod. 40: 920, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Kennaway D.J., Gilmore T.A. Effects of melatonin implants in ram lambs. J. Reprod. Fertil. 73: 85, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Rivest R.W., Aubert M.L., Lang U., Sizoneko P.C. Puberty in the rat: modulation by melatonin and light. J. Neural Transm. (Suppl.) 21: 81, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Kinson G.A., Robinson S. Gonadal function of immature male rats subjected to light restriction, melatonin administration and removal of the pineal gland. J. Endocrinol. 47: 391, 1970.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Kinson G.A., Peat F. The influence of illumination, melatonin and pinealectomy on testicular function in the rat. Life Sci. 10: 259, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Fiske V.M. Effect of light on sexual maturation, estrous cycles, and anterior pituitary of the rat. Endocrinology 29: 187, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Reiter R.J., Ellison N.M. Delayed puberty in blinded anosmic female rats: role of the pineal gland. Biol. Reprod. 2: 216, 1970.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Dunaway J.E. Alteration in the timing of PMS-induced ovulation following pinealectomy. Neuroendocrinology 5: 281, 1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Relkin R. Relative efficacy of pinealectomy, hypothalamic and amygdaloid lesions in advancing puberty. Endocrinology 88: 415, 1971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Aubert M.L., Rivest R.W, Lang U., Winiger B.P., Sizonenko P.C. Delayed sexual maturation induced by daily melatonin administration eliminates the LH response to naloxone despite normal responsiveness to GnRH in juvenile male rats. Neuroendocrinology 48: 72, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Wurtman R.J., Axelrod J., Chu E.W. Melatonin, a pineal substance: effect on the rat ovary. Science 141: 277, 1963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Motta M., Fraschini F., Martini L. Endocrine effects of pineal gland and of melatonin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 126: 431, 1967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Collu R., Fraschini F., Martini L. The effect of pineal methoxyndples on rat vaginal opening time. J. Endocrinol. 50: 679, 1971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Blask D.E., Nodelman J.L., Leadem C.A., Richardson B.A. Influence of exogenously administered melatonin on the reproductive system and prolactin levels in underfed male rats. Biol. Reprod. 22: 507, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Blask E.D., Nodelman J.L. Antigonadotrophic and prolactin inhibitory effects of melatonin in anosmic male rats. Neuroendocrinology 29: 406, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Lang U., Aubert M.L., Conne B.S., Bradtke J.C., Sizoneko P.C. Influence of exogenous melatonin on melatonin secretion and the neuroendocrine reproductive axis of intact male rats during sexual maturation. Endocrinology 112: 1578, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Laudon M., Yaron Z., Zisapel N. N-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-5-methoxytryptamine, a novel melatonin antagonist: effects on sexual maturation of the male and female rat and on oestrous cycles of the female rat. J.Endocrinol. 116: 43, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Lang U., Rivest R.W., Sclaepfer L.V., Bradtke I.C., Aubert M.L., Sizoneko P.C. Diurnal rhythm of melatonin action on sexual maturation of male rats. Neuroendocrinology 38: 261, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Rivest R.W., Lang U., Aubert M.L., Sizoneko P.C. Daily administration of melatonin delays rat vaginal opening and disrupts the first estrous cycle: evidence that these effects are synchronized by the onset of light. Endocrinology 116: 779, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Lang U., Aubert M.L., Rivest R.W., Vinas-Bradtke J.C., Sizoneko P.C. Daily afternoon administration of melatonin does not irreversibly inhibit sexual maturation in male rat. Endocrinology 115: 2303, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Wilson M.E., Gordon T.P., Blank M.S., Collins D.C. Timing of sexual maturity in outdoor-housed female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Reprod. Fertil. 70: 625, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Wilson M.E., Gordon T.P., Collins D.C. Ontogeny of luteinizing hormone secretion and first ovulation in seasonal breeding rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 118: 293, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Wilson M.E., Gordon T.P., Rudman C.G., Tanner J.M. Effects of natural vs. artificial environment in the tempo of maturation in female rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 123: 2653, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Plant T.M., Zorub D.S. Pinealectomy in agonadal infantile male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) does not interrupt initiation of the prepubertal hiatus in gonadotropin secretion. Endocrinology 118: 227, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Wilson M.E., Gordon T.P. Short-day melatonin pattern advances puberty in seasonally breeding rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Reprod. Fertil. 86: 435, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Zacharias L., Wurtman R.J. Blindness and menarche. Obstet. Gynecol. 33: 603, 1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Zacharias L., Wurtman R.J. Blindness: its relation to age of menarche. Science 144: 1154, 1964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Magee K., Basinska J., Quarrington B., Stancer H.C. Blindness and menarche. Life Sci. 9: 7, 1970.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Thomas J. B., Pizzarello D.J. Blindness, biologic rhythms, and menarche. Obstet. Gynecol. 30: 507, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Bellastella A., Criscuolo T., Sinisi A.A., Iorio S., Mazzuca A., Parlato F., Perrone L., Faggiano M. Influence of blindness on plasma luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and testosterone levels in prepubertal boys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 862, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Davis F.C., Menaker M. Hamster through time’s window: temporal structure of hamster locomotor rhythmicity. Am. J. Physiol. 239: R149, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Lehrer S. Puberty and menopause in the human: possible relation to gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency and the pineal gland. Pin. Res. Rev. 3: 237, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Lehrer S. Twenty-one hour light:dark cycle accellerates vaginal opening in the rat. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 57: 705, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  180. Matthews C.D., Guerin M.V., Wang X. Human plasma melatonin and urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin: studies in natural annual photoperiod and in extended darkness. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 35: 21, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Buresova M., Dvorakova M., Zvolsky P., Illnerova H. Human circadian rhythm in serum melatonin in short winter days and in stimulated artificial long days. Neurosci. Lett. 136: 173, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Wehr T.A., Moul D.E., Barbato G., Giesen H.A., Scidel J.A., Barker C., Bender C. Conservation of photoperiod-responsive mechanisms in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 265: R846, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Czeisler C.A., Shanahan T.L., Klerman E.B., Martens H., Brotman D.J., Emens J.S., Klein T., Rizzo J.F. Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 6, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Heubner O. Tumor der glandula pinealis. Dtsh. Med. Wochenschr. 24: 214, 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Kitay J.I. Pineal lesions and precocious puberty: a review. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 14: 622, 1954.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Fetell M.R., Stein B.M. Neuroendocrine aspects of pineal tumors. Neurol. Clin. 4: 877, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Vorkapie P., Waldhauser F., Bruckner R., Biegelmayer C., Schmidbauer M., Pendl G. Serum melatonin levels: a new neurodiagnostic tool in pineal region tumors? Neurosurgery 21: 817, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Neuwelt E.A., Lewy A.J. Disappearance of plasma melatonin after removal of a neoplastic pineal gland. N. Engl. J. Med. 308: 1132, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Sklar J.A., Conte F.A., Kaplan S. L., Grumbach M.M. Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting pineal tumor-relation to pathogenesis and sex limitation of sexual precocity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 656, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Silman R.E., Leone R.M., Hooper R.J.L. Melatonin, the pineal gland and human puberty. Nature 202: 301, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Brown G.M., Young S.N., Gauthier S., Tsui H., Grota L.J. Melatonin in human cerebrospinal fluid in daytime: its origin and variation with age. Life Sci. 25: 929, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Iguchi H., Kato K.I., Ibayashi H. Age-dependent reduction in serum melatonin concentrations in healthy human subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 27, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Gupta D., Riedel L., Frick H.J., Attanasio A., Ranke M.B. Circulating melatonin in children in relation to puberty, endocrine disorders, functional tests and racial origin. Neuroendocr. Lett. 5: 63, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Attanasio A., Borrelli P., Gupta D. Circadian rhythms in serum melatonin from infancy to adolescence. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61: 388, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Penny R. Episodic secretion of melatonin in pre- and postpuberal girls and boys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 60: 751, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Lenko H.L., Lang U., Aubert M.L., Paunier L., Sizoneko P.C. Hormonal changes in puberty. VII. Lack of variation of daytime plasma melatonin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54: 1056, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Waldhauser F., Frisch H., Waldhauser M., Weiszenbacher G., Zeitlhuber U., Wurtman R.J. Fall in nocturnal serum melatonin during prepuberty and pubescence. Lancet i: 362, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Ehrenkranz J.R.L., Tamarkin L., Comite F., Johnsonbaugh R.E., Bybee D.E., Loriaux D.L., Cutler G. Daily rhythm of plasma melatonin in normal and precocious puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 307, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Waldhauser F., Weiszenbacher G., Tatzer E., Gisinger B., Waldhauser M., Schemper M., Frisch H. Alterations in nocturnal serum melatonin levels in humans with growth and aging. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 648, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Cavallo A., Richards G.E., Smith E. Lack of a relationship between melatonin (MT) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in human puberty. J. Neural Transm. 21 (Suppl.): 481, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Cavallo A. Plasma melatonin rhythms in normal puberty: interactions of age and pubertal stages. Neuroendocrinology 55: 372, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Terzolo M., Piovesan A., Pia A., Arvat E., Bellone J., Valente F., Paccotti P., Ghigo E., Angeli A. Similarity of the nocturnal profile of serum melatonin at early puberty and early adulthood. Chronobiologia 19: 81, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Schmidt F., Penka B., Trauner M., Reinsperger L., Ranner G., Ebner F., Waldhauser F. Lack of pineal growth during childhood. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 1221, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Tetsuo M., Poth M., Markey S.P. Melatonin metabolite excretion during childhood and puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 311, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Kennaway D.J., Stamp G.E., Goble F.C. Development of melatonin production in infants and the impact of prematurity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75: 367, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Penny R. Melatonin excretion in normal males and females increase during puberty. Metabolism 31: 816, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Brun J., Claustrat B., Harthe C., David L. Night-day variations and daily excretion of melatonin and 6-sulphatoxymelatonin from infancy to adulthood. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 11: 215, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Waldhauser F., Ehrhart B., Forster E. Clinical aspects of the melatonin action: impact of development, aging, and puberty, involvement of melatonin in psychiatric desease and importance of neuroimmunoendocrine interactions. Experientia 49: 671, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Cavallo A. The pineal gland in human beings: relevance to pediatrics. J. Pediatr. 723: 843, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Puig-Domingo M., Webb S.M., Serrano J., Pienado M.-A., Corcoy R., Ruscalleda J., Reiter R.J., de Leiva A. Brief report: melatonin-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N. Engl. J. Med. 327: 1356, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Attanasio A., Borrelli P., Marini R., Cambiaso P., Cappa M., Gupta D. Serum melatonin in children with early and delayed puberty. Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 5: 387, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Luboshitzky R., Lavi S., Thuma I., Lavie P. Increased nocturnal melatonin secretion in male patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and delayed puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 2144, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Cohen H.N., Hay I.D., Annesley T.M., Beastall G.H., Wallace A.M., Spooner R., Thomson J.A., Eastwold P., Klee G.G. Serum immunoreactive melatonin in boys with delayed puberty. Clin. Endocrinol. 17: 517, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Waldhauser F., Boepple P.A., Schemper M., Mansfield M.J., Crowley W.F. Serum melatonin in central precocious puberty is lower in age-matched prepubertal children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 793, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Lisoni P., Rosentini M., Mauri R., De Medici C., Morabito F., Espositi D., Di Bella L., Espositi G., Rossi D., Parravicini L., Legname G., Fraschini F. Effect of an acute injection of melatonin on the basal secretion of hypophyseal hormones in prepubertal and pubertal healthy subjects. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 111: 305, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Fevre M., Segel T., Marks J.F., Boyar R.M. LH and melatonin secretion patterns in pubertal boys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 47: 1383, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Matthews M.J., Parker D.C., Rebar R.W., Jones K.L., Rossman L., Carey D.E., Yen S.S.C. Sleep-associated gonadotropin and oestradiol patterns in girls with precocious sexual development. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 17: 601, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Apter D., Butzow T.L., Laughlin G.A., Yen S.S.C. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity during pubertal transition in girls: pulsatile and diurnal patterns of circulating gonadotropins. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76: 940, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Boyar R.M., Perlow M., Hellman L., Kapen S., Weitzman E. Twenty-four hour pattern of luteinizing hormone secretion in normal men with sleep stage recording. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35: 73, 1972.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Kapen S., Boyar R.M., Finkelstein J.W., Hellman L., Weitzman E.D. Effect of sleep-wake cycle reversal on luteinizing hormone secretory pattern in puberty. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 293, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Reiter R.J. The pineal and its hormones in the control of reproduction in mammals. Endocr. Rev. 1: 109, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Elliott J.A., Goldman B.D. Seasonal reproduction. Photoperiodism and biological clocks. In: N.T. Adler (Ed.), Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction: Physiology and Behavior. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 377.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Alleva J.J. The biological clock and pineal gland: how they control seasonal fertility in the golden hamster. Pine. Res. Rev. 5: 95, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Elliott J.A. Circadian rhythms and photoperiodic time measurement in mammals. Fed. Proc. 35: 2339, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Sorrentino S. Jr., Reiter R.J. Pineal-induced alteration of estrouc cycles in blinded hamsters. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 15: 39, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Hoffman R.A., Reiter R.J. Responses of some endocrine organs of female hamsters to pinealectomy and light. Life Sci. 5: 1147, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Reiter R.J., Johnson L.Y. Pineal regulation of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone and prolactin in light-deprived female hamsters. Fertil. Steril. 25: 958, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Seegal R.F., Goldman B.D. Effects of photoperiod on cyclicity and serum gonadotropins in the Syrian hamster. Biol. Reprod. 12: 233, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Goldman B., Brown S. Sex differences in serum LH and FSH patterns in hamsters exposed to short photoperiod. J. Steroid Biochem. 11: 531, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Frehn J.L, Liu C.-C. Effects of temperature, photoperiod and hibernation on the testes of golden hamsters. J.Exp. Zool. 174: 317, 1970.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Turek F.W., Elliott JA, Alvis J.D., Menaker M. Effect of prolonged exposure to nonstimulatory photoperiods on the activity of the neuroendocrine testicular axis of golden hamsters. Biol. Reprod. 13: 475, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Finocchiaro L., Callebert J., Launay J.M., Jallon J. Melatonin biosynthesis in Drosophila: its nature and its effects. J. Neurochem. 50: 382, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Reiter R.J. Evidence for refractarioness of the pituitary-gonadal axis to the pineal gland in golden hamsters and its possible implications in annual reproductive rhythms. Anat. Rec. 173: 365, 1972.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Pengelley ET. Circannual Clocks. Academic Press, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Stetson M.H., Matt K.S., Watson-Whitmyre M. Photoperiodism and reproduction in golden hamsters: circadian organization and the termination of photorefractoriness. Biol. Reprod. 14: 531, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Roberts A.C., Martensz N.D., Hastings M.H., Herbert J. Changes in photoperiod alter the daily rhythms of pineal melatonin content in hypothalamic ß-endorphin content and the luteinizing hormone response to naloxone in the male Syrian Hamster. Endocrinology 114: 141, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Tamarkin L., Reppert S.M., Klein D.C., Pratt B.L., Goldman B.D. Studies on the daily pattern of pineal melatonin in the Syrian hamster. Endocrinology 107: 1525, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Goldman B.D., Darrow J.W., Yogev L. Effect of timed melatonin infusions on reproductive development in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Endocrinology 114: 2074, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Hong S.M., Rollag M.D., Stetson M.H. Maintenance of testicular function in Turkish hamsters: interaction of photoperiod and the pineal gland. Biol. Reprod. 34: 527, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Carter D.S., Hall V.D., Tamarkin L., Goldman B.D. Pineal is required for testicular maintenance in the Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti). Endocrinology 111: 863, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Lerchl A., Schlatt S. Influence of photoperiod on pineal melatonin synthesis, fur color, body weight, and reproductive function in the female Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus. Neuroendocrinology 57: 359, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Yeates N.T.M. The breeding season of the sheep with particular reference to its modification by artificial means using light. J. Agric. Sci. 39: 1, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Hafez E.S.E. Studies on the breeding season and reproduction of the ewe. J. Agric. Sci. 42: 189, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Robinson J.E., Karsch F.J. Refractorieness to inductive day lengths terminates the breeding season of the Suffolk ewe. Biol. Reprod. 31: 656, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Karsch F.J., Woodfill C.J.I., Malpaux B., Robinson J.E., Wayne N.L. Melatonin and mammalian photeperiodism: synchronization of annual reproductive cycles. In: Klein D.C., Moore R.Y., Repperts S.M., (Eds.), Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. The mind’s clock. Oxford University Press, N. Y., Oxford, 1991, p. 217.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Mauleon P., Rougeot J. Regulation des saisons sexuelles chez des brebis de races différentes au moyen de divers rhythmes lumineux. Ann. Biol. Anim. Bioch. Biophys. 2: 209, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Legan S.J., Karsch F.J. Photoperiodic control of seasonal breeding in ewes: modulation of the negative feedback action of estradiol. Biol. Reprod. 23: 1061, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Robinson J.E., Karsch F.J. Refractoriness to inductive day lengths terminates the breeding season of the Suffolk ewe. Biol. Reprod. 31: 656, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Robinson J.E., Wayne N.L., Karsch F.J. Refractoriness to inhibitory day lengths initiates the breeding season of the Suffolk ewe. Biol. Reprod. 32: 1024, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Karsch F.J., Robinson J.E., Woodfill C.J.I., Brown M.B. Circannual cycles of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion in ewes during prolonged exposure to a fixed photoperiod: evidence for an endogenous reproductive rhythm. Biol. Reprod. 41: 1034, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Karsch F.J., Woodfill C.J.I. Neuroendocrinology of seasonal breeding: mode of action of melatonin. In: Yen SSC, Vale WW (Eds.), Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproduction. Serono Symposia, USA, Norwell, Mas., 1990, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Bittman E.L., Kaynard A.H., Olster D.H., Robinson J.E., Yellon S.M., Karsch F.J. Pineal melatonin mediates photoperiodic control of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the ewe. Neuroendocrinology 40: 409, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Bittman E.L., Karsch F.J., Hopkins J.W. Role of the pineal gland in ovine photoperiodism: regulation of seasonal breeding and negative feedback effects of estradiol upon luteinizing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 113: 229, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  254. English J., Arendt J., Symons A.M., Poulton A.L., Tobler I. Pineal and ovarian response to 22- and 24 h-days in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 39: 9, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Wayne N.L., Malpaux B., Karsch F.J. How does melatonin code for day length in the ewe: duration of nocturnal melatonin release or coincidence of melatonin with light-entrained sensitive period? Biol. Reprod. 39: 66, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Woodfill C.J.I., Wayne N.L., vKarsch F.J. Does seasonal reproductive state affect the neuroendocrine response of the ewe to a long-day pattern of melatonin. J. Biol. Rhythms 7: 1, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Matthews C.D., Guerin M.V., Deed J.R. Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: seasonal breeding in the sheep. J. Pineal Res. 14: 105, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Guerin M.V., Napier A.J., Matthews C.D. Effect of exogenous melatonin and extending the dark period at dusk before the summer solstice on the onset of oestrous in Romney Marsh ewes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 101: 145, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. von Brackel-Bodenhausen A., Wuttke W., Holtz W. Effects of photoperiod and slow-release preparations of bromocriptine and melatonin on reproductive activity and prolactin secretion in female goats. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 955, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Lincoln G.A., Clarke I.J. Photoperiodically-induced cycles in the secretion of prolactin in hypothalamopituitary disconnected rams: evidence for translation of the melatonin signal in the pituitary gland. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6: 251, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Woodfill C.J.I., Robinson J.E., Malpaux B., Karsch F.J. Synchronization of the circannual reproductive rhythm of the ewe by discrete photoperiodic signals. Biol. Reprod. 45: 110, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Woodfill C.J., Wayne N.L., Moenter S.M., Karsch F.J. Photoperiodic synchronization of a circannual reproductive rhythm in sheep: identification of season-specific time cues. Biol. Reprod. 50: 965, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Robinson J.E., Karsch F.J. Photoperiodic history and a changing melatonin pattern determine the neuroendocrine response of the ewe to daylength. J. Reprod. Fertil. 80: 159, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Goodman R.L., Bittman E.L., Foster D.L., Karsch F.J. Alterations in the control of luteinizing hormone-pulse frequency underlie the seasonal variation in estradiol negative feedback in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 27: 580, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Goodman R.L., Karsch F.J. Pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone: differential suppression by ovarian steroids. Endocrinology 107: 1286, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Legan S.J., Karsch F.J., Foster D.L. The endocrine control of seasonal reproductive function in the ewe: a marked change in response to the negative feedback action of estradiol on luteinizing hormone secretion. Endocrinology 101: 818, 1977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Legan S.J., Karsch F.J. Neuroendocrine regulation of the strous cycle and seasonal breeding in the ewe. Biol. Reprod. 20: 74, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Robinson J.E., Radford H.M., Karsch F.J. Seasonal changes in pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the ewe: relationship of frequency of LH pulses to day length and response to estradiol negative feedback. Biol. Reprod. 33: 324, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Montgomery G.W., Martin G.B., Pelletier J. Changes in pulsatile LH secretion after ovariectomy in lIe-de-France ewes in two seasons. J. Reprod. Fertil. 73: 173, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Webster J.R., Moenter S.M., Barrell G.K., Lehman M.N., Karsch F.J. Role of the thyroid gland in seasonal reproduction. III. Thyroidectomy blocks seasonal suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in sheep. Endocrinology 129: 1635, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Dahl G.E., Evans N.P., Moenter S.M., Karsch F.J. The thyroid gland is required for reproductive neuroendocrine responses to photoperiod in the ewe. Endocrinology 135: 10, 1994

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Ralph C.L. Pineal control of reproduction: Nonmammalian vertebrates. Prog. Reprod. Biol. 4: 30, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Saxena R.N., Malhotra L., Kant R., Baweja P.K. Effect of pinealectomy and seasonal changes on pineal antigonadotrophic activity of male Indian weaver bird Ploceus philippinus. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 17: 732, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Cockrem J.F. Timing of seasonal breeding in birds, with particular reference to New Zeland Birds. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 7: 1, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Cardinali D.P., Cuello A.E.., Tramezzani J.H., Rosner J.M. Effects of pinealectomy on the testicular function of the adult male duck. Endocrinology 89: 1082, 1971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Rintamaki H., Hissa R., Balthazart J., Scanes CG. The effect of pinealectomy on plasma levels of gonadotropins and growth hormone in the pigeon (Columba livia). J. Pineal Res. 1: 381, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Elorata E., Timisjarvi J., Niemen M., Ojutkangas V., Leppaluoto V., Vakkuri O. Seasonal and daily patterns in melatonin secretion in female reindeed and their calves. Endocrinology 130: 1645, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Asher G.W., Veldhuizen F.A., Morrow C.J., Duganzich D.M. Effect of exogenous melatonin on prolactin secretion, lactogenesis and reproductive seasonality of adult female red deer (Cervus elaphus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 100: 11, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Hudson R. Melo A.I., Gonzalez-Mariscal G. Effect of photoperiod and exogenous melatonin on correlates of estrus in the domestic rabbit. J. Comp. Physiol. 175: 573, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Herbert J., Stacey P.M., Thorpe D.H. Recurrent breeding seasons in pinealectomized or optic nerve sectioned ferrets. J. Endocrinol. 78: 389, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Farrar G.M., Clarke J.R. Effect of chemical sympathectomy and pinealectomy upon gonads of voles (Microtus agrestis) exposed to short photoperiod. Neuroendocrinology 22: 134, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Vaughan M.K., Vaughan G.M., Blsk D.E., Reiter R.J. Influence of melatonin, constant light or blinding on reproductive system of gerbils (Meriones ungulatus). Experientia 32: 1341, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Love R.J., Evans G., Klupiec C. Seasonal effects on fertility in gilts and sows. J. Reprod. Fertil. 48P: 191, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Bronson F.H., Heideman P.D. Lack of reproductive photoresponsiveness and correlative failure to respond to melatonin in a tropical rodent, the cane mouse. Biol. Reprod. 46: 246, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Weiner N., Clement H.W., Gemsa D., Wesemann W. Circadian and seasonal rhythms of 5-HT release subtypes, membrane anisotropy and 5-HT release in hyppocampus and cortex of the rat. Neurochem. Internat. 21: 7, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Bissette G., Griff D., Carnes M., Goodman B, Lavine M., Levant B. Apparent seasonal rhythms in hypothalamic neuropeptides in rats without photoperiod changes. Endocrinology 136: 622, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Hoffman J., Kordon C., Benoit J. Effect of different photoperiods and blinding on ovarian and testicular functions in normal and testosterone-treated rats. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 10: 109, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Wallen E.P., Turek F.W. Photoperiodicity in the male albino laboratory rat. Nature 289: 402, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Vaughan M.K., Oaknin S., Cozzi B., Li K., Reiter R.J. Influence of melatonin on the testicular regression induced by subcutaneous testosterone pellets in male rats kept in long or short photoperiod. J. Reprod. Fertil. 82: 277, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Reiter R.J., Klein D.C., Donofrio R.J. Preliminary observations on the reproductive effects of the pineal gland in blinded, anosmic rats. J. Reprod. Fertil. 19: 563, 1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Sorrentino S., Reiter R.J., Schalch D.S. Interactions of the pineal gland, blinding and underfeeding on reproductive organ size and radioimmunoassayble growth hormone. Neuroendocrinology 7: 105, 1971.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Wilamowska A., Pawlikowski M., Klencki M., Kunert-Radek J. Food restriction enhances melatonin effects on the pituitary-gonadal axis in female rats. J. Pineal Res. 13: 1, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Mess B., Trentini G.P., Ruzsas C., de Gaetani C.F. Some endocrine effects of the pineal gland and melatonin with special reference to reproduction. Prog. Brain Res. 52: 329, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Trentini G.P., Mess B., de Gaetani C.F., Ruzzas C. Effect of melatonin and possible role of the brain serotonergic system. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1: 305, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Porkka-Heiskanen T., Laakso M.L., Stenberg D., Johansson G. Daily melatonin injections have only minor effects on gonadotropins of intact or castrated male rats kept under constant or periodic light. J. Pineal Res. 8: 221, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Lewinski A., Szymczykiewicz P., Sewerynek E., Wajs E. Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy. J. Pineal Res. 14: 117, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Walker M.L., Wilson M.E., Gordon T.P. Endocrine control of the seasonal occurrence of ovulation in rhesus monkeys housed outdoors. Endocrinology 114: 1074, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. O’Byrne K.T., Thalabard J.-C., Chiappini S.E., Chen M.-D., Hotchkiss J., Knobil E. Ambient light modifies gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator frequency in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 133: 1520, 1993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Smith D.M., Conaway C.H., Kerber W.T. Influences of seasons and age on maturation in vitro of rhesus monkey oocytes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 54: 91, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Chan P.J., Hutz R.J., Dukelow W.R. Nonhuman primate in vitro fertilization: seasonality, cumulus cells, cyclic nucleotides, ribonucleic acid and viability assays. Fertil. Steril. 38: 609, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Dunbar R.I.M. Environmental and social determinants of fecundity in primates. In: Landers J., Reynolds V. (Eds.), Fertility and Resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Cook F.A. Medical observations among the esquimaux. Trans. N.Y. Obstet. Soc. 3: 282, 1894.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Timonen S., Franzas B., Wichmann K. Photosensitivity of the human pituitary. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol. Fenn. 53: 165, 1964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Timonen S., Lokki O., Wichman K., Vara P. Seasonal changes in obstetrical phenomena. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 44: 507, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Cogwill U.M. Season of birth in man: contemporary situation with special reference to Europe and the southern emisphere. Ecology 47: 614, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Batschelet E., Hillman D., Smolensky M., Halberg F. Angular linear correlation coefficient for rhythmometry and circannualy changing human birth rate at different geographic latitudes. Int. J. Chronobiol. 1: 183, 1973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Odegard O. Season of birth in the population of Norway, with particular reference to the September birth maximum. Br. J. Psych. 131: 339, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Sandahl B. Seasonal birth pattern in Sweden in relation to birth order and maternal age. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 57: 393, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Becker S. Seasonality of fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh. J. Biosoc. Sci. 13: 97, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Ehrenkranz J.R. Seasonal breeding in humans: birth records of the Labrador Eskimo. Fertil. Steril. 40: 485, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Mathers C.D., Harris R.S. Seasonal distribution of births in Australia. Int. J. Epidemiol. 12: 326, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Puolakka J., Jarvinene P.A., Kauppila A. Changing pattern of childbirth in Northern Finland over the past three decades. In: Fortuine R. (Ed.), Circumpopolar Health. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 84: 181, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  313. Ayeni O. Seasonal variation of births in rural southwestern Nigeria. Int. J. Epidemiol. 15: 91, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Becker S., Chowdhury A., Leridon H. Seasonal patterns of reproduction in Matlab, Bangladesh. Popul. Stud. 40: 457, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Levy V. Seasonal fertility cycles in rural Egypt: behavioural and biologial linkages. Demography 23: 13, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Bantje H. Seasonality of births and birtweights in Tanzania. Soc. Sci. Med. 24: 733, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Leslie P.E., Fry P. Extreme seasonality of births among nomadic Turkana pastoralists. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79: 103, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Boklage C.E., Zincone L.H., Kirby C.F. Annual and sub-annual rhythms in human conception rates: time-series analyses show annual and weekday but not monthly rhythms in daily counts for last normal menses. Hum. Reprod. 7: 899, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Panter-Brick C., Lotstein D.S., Ellison P.T. Seasonality of reproductive function and weight loss in rural Nepali women. Hum. Reprod. 8: 684, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Rojansky N., Brzezinsky, J.G. Schenker Seasonality in human reproduction: and update. Hum. Reprod. 7: 735, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Roenneberg T., Aschoff J. Annual rhythm of human reproduction: I. Biology, Sociology, or both? J. Biol. Rhythms 5: 195, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Edmonds D.K., Lindsay K.S., Miller J.F., Williamson E., Wood P.J. Early embryonic mortality in women. Fertil. Steril. 38: 447, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Wilcox A.J., Weinberg C.R., O’Connor J.F., Baird D.D., Schlatterer J.P., Canfield R.E., Armstrong E.G., Bruce C.N. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 189, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Paraskevaides E.C., Pennington G.W., Naik S. Seasonal distribution in conceptions achieved by artificial insemination by donor. Br. Med. J. 297: 1310, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  325. Stolwijk A.M., Reuvers M.J.C.M., Hamilton C.J.C.M., Jongbloet P.H., Hollanders J.M.G., Zielhuis G.A. Seasonality in the results of in vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 9: 2300, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Fraile B., Paniagua R., Rodriguez M.C., Saez F.J., Jimenez A. Annual changes in the number, testosterone content and ultrastructure of glandular tissue cells of testis in the Marbled Newt Truturus marmoratus. J.Anat. 167: 85, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  327. Gosch B., Fischer K. Seasonal changes of testis volume and sperm quality in adult fallow deer and their relationship to antler cycle. J. Reprod. Fertil. 85: 7, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Penzhorn B.L., Van-der-Nerwe N.J. Testis size and onset of spermatogenesis in Cape mountain zebras. J. Reprod. Fertil. 83: 371, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Godfrey R.W., Lunstra D.D., Jenkins T.G., Berardinelli J.G., Gurthrie M.J., Neuendorff D.A., Long C.R., Randel R.D. Effect of season and location on semen concentration of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in Brhaman and Hereford bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 60: 734, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  330. Gould K.G., Mann D.R. Comparison of electrostimulation methods for semen recovery in the Rhesus monkey. J. Med. Perinatol. 17: 95, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Tjoa W.S., Smolensky M.H., Steinberg E., Smith K.D. Circannual rhythm in human sperm count revealed by serially independet sampling. Fertil. Steril. 38: 454, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Mortimer D., Templeton A., Lenton E.A., Coleman R.A. Annual patterns of human sperm production and semen quality. Arch. Androl. 10: 1, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Politoff L., Birkhauser M., Almendral A., Zorm A. New data confirming a circannual rhythm in spermatogenesis. Fertil. Steril. 52: 486, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Saint Pol P., Beuscart R., Leroy-Martin B., Hermand E., Jablonski W. Circannual rhythms of sperm parameters of fertile men. Fertil. Steril. 51: 1030, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Levine R.J., Mathew R.M., Chenault B.C., Brown M.H., Hurtt M.E., Bentley K.S.,.Mohr K.L., Working P.K. Differences in the quality of semen in outdoor workers during summer and winter. N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 12, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Levine R.J., Brown M.H., Bell M., Shue F., Greenberg G.N., Bordson B.L. Air-conditioned environments do not prevent deterioration of human semen quality during summer. Fertil. Steril. 57: 1075, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Menge A.C., Beitner O. Interrelationships among semen characteristics, antisperm antibodies, and cervical mucus penetration assays in infertile human couples. Fertil. Steril. 51: 486, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  338. Robinson D., Rock J. Intrascrotal hyperthermia induced by scrotal insulation: effect on spermatogenesis. Obstet. Gynecol. 29: 217, 1967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Warren D.C., Scott H.M. Influence of light on ovulation in the fowl. J. Exp. Zool. 74: 137, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  340. Kirkham W.B., Burr H.S. The breeding habits, maturation of eggs and ovulation in albino rat. Am. J. Anat. 15: 291, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Sundaraj N., Chern M., Gatewood L., Hichman L., McHigh R. Seasonal behavior of human menstrual cycles: a biometric investigation. Hum. Biol. 50: 15, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  342. Jongbloet P.H., Zwets J.H.J. Fertility rates after oral contraceptives. Lancet II: 101, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  343. Timonen S., Carpen E. Multiple pregnancies and photoperiodicity. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol. Fenn. 57: 135, 1968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Elwood J. M. Maternal and environmental factors affecting twin births in Canadian cities. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 85: 351, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Kauppila A., Kivela A., Pakarinen A., Vakkuri O. Inverse seasonal relationship between melatonin and ovarian activity in humans in a region with a strong seasonal contrast in luminosity. J. Clin. Endcrinol. Metab. 65: 823, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Jongbloet P.H., Vrieze O.J. Down Syndrome: increased frequency of maternal meiosis I nondisjunction during the transitional stages of the ovulatory seasons. Hum. Genet. 71: 241, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Juberg R.C. Origin of chromosomal abnormalities: evidence for delayed fertilization in meiotic nondisjunction. Hum. Genet. 64: 122, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Fleming C., Nice L., Hughes A.O., Hull M.G.R. Apparent lack of seasonal variation in implantation rates after in vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 9: 2164, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Fleming C., Nice L., Hughes A.O., Hull M.G.R. Apparent lack of seasonal variation in implantation rates after in vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 9: 2164, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Belavalgidad M.I. Trend lines and seasonal variations in births and abortions. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India 13: 23, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  351. McDonald J. Seasonal distribution of abortions. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 25: 222, 1971.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  352. Sandahl B. A study of seasonal and secular trends in incidence of stillbirths and spontaneous abortions in Sweden. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 53: 251, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Coste J., Job-Spira N., Aublet-Cuvelier B., Germain E., Glowaczower E., Fernandez H., Pouly J.L. Incidence of ectopic pregnancy. First results of a population-based register in France. Hum. Reprod. 9: 742, 1994.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Fisher D.A, Odell W.D. Effect of cold on TSH secretion in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33: 859, 1971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Millis D.E., Robertshaw D. Response of plasma prolactin to changes in ambient temperature and humidity in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 279, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Ronneberg T., Aschoff J. Annual rhythm of human reproduction: II. Environmental correlations. J. Biol. Rhythms 5: 217, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Kennaway D.J., Van Dorp C.F. Free-running rhythms of melatonin, Cortisol, electrolytes, and sleep in humans in Antarctica. Am. J. Physiol. 260: R1137, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Midwinter M.J., Arendt J. Adaptation of the melatonin rhythm in human subjects following night-shift work in Antarctica. Neurosci. Lett. 122: 195, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Stokkan K.-A., Reiter R.J. Melatonin rhythms in Arctic urban residents. J. Pineal Res. 16: 33, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Owen J., Arendt J. Melatonin suppression in human subjects by bright and dim light in Antarctica: time and season-dependent effects. Neurosci. Lett. 137: 181, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Espositi D., Lissoni P., Mauri R., Rovelli F., Orsenigo L., Pescia L., Vegetti G., Espositi G., Fraschini F. The pineal gland-opioid system relation: melatoninnaloxone interactions in regulating GH and LH releases in man. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 11: 103, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Valcavi R., Dieguez C., Azzarito C., Edwards C.A., Dotti C., Page M.D., Portioli I., Scanion M.F. Effect of oral administration of melatonin on GH responses to GRF 1–44 in normal subjects. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 26: 453, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Valcavi R., Zini M., Maestroni G.J., Conti A., Portioli I. Melatonin stimulates growth hormone secretion through pathways other than the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Clin. Endocrinol. 39: 193, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Mauri R., Lissoni P., Resentini M., DeMedici C., Morabito F., Djemal S., Di Bella L., Fraschini F. Effects of melatonin on PRL secretion during different photoperiods of the day in prepubertal and pubertal healthy subjects. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 8: 337, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  365. Mallo C., Zaidan R., Faure A., Brun J., Chazot G., Claustrat B. Effects of a four -day nocturnal melatonin treatment on the 24 h plasma melatonin, Cortisol and prolactin profiles in humans. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 119: 474, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Bispink G., Zimmermann R., Weise H.C., Leidenberg F. Influence of melatonin on the sleep-independent component of prolactin secretion. J. Pineal Res. 8: 97, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Okatani Y. Sagara Y. Role of melatonin in nocturnal prolactin secretion in women with normoprolactinemia and mild hyper-prolactinemia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 168: 854, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Terzolo M., Revelli A., Guidetti D., Piovesan A., Cassoni P., Paccotti P., Angeli A., Massobrio M. Evening administration of melatonin enhances the pulsatile secretion of prolactin but not of LH and TSH in normally cycling women. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 39: 185, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Paoletti A.M., Maschio E., Draetta F.P., Tuveri F., Melis G.B. Exogenous melatonin enhances GnRH-induced PRL release in women. In: 77th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Washington June 14–17, 1995, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  370. Cagnacci A., Soldani R. Exogenous melatonin induces Cortisol secretion in postmenopausal women: reversible by estrogen treatment. In: 74th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, San Antonio, Texas, June 24–27, 1992, Abst. 796.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., Melis G.B., Yen S.S.C. Melatonin induces Cortisol secretion in postmenopausal women. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 7 (Suppl. 1): 193, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  372. Webley G. E., Luck M. R. Melatonin directly stimulates the secretion of progesterone by human and bovine granulosa cells in vitro. J. Reprod. Fertil. 78: 711, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. MacPhee A.A., Cole F.E., Rice B.F. The effect of melatonin on steroidogenesis by the human ovary in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40: 688, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Irez T.P., Senol H., Alagoz M., Basmaciogullari C., Turan F., Kuru D., Ertungealp E. Effects of indoleamines on sperm motility in vitro. Hum. Reprod. 7: 987, 1992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Norman R.L., Blake C.A., Sawyer C.H. Estrogen-dependent twenty-four hour periodicity in pituitary LH release in the female hamster. Endocrinology 93: 965, 1973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Hoffman J.C. The influence of photoperiods on reproductive function in female mammals. In: Greep R.O., Astwood E.B. (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology, Section 7 Endocrinology, Vol. 2 part 1. American Physiological Society Washington D.C. 1973.

  377. Legan S.J., Karsch F.J. A daily signal for the LH surge in the rat. Endocrinology 96: 57, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Ozaki Y., Wurtman R.J., Alonso R., Lynch H.J. Melatonin secretion decreases during thr proestrous stage of the rat estrous cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 531, 1978.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  379. Ying S.-Y., Greep R.O. Inhibition of ovulation by melatonin in the cyclic rat. Endocrinology 92: 333, 1973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. MoguilevskyJ.A., Faigon M.R., Scacchi P., Cardinali D.P. Effect of melatonin and superior cervical gangliectomy and luteinizing hormone on release induced by estradiol-progesterone in castrated rats. Neuroendocrinology 29: 163, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  381. Chiba A., Akema T., Toyoda J.-I. Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin on the timing of the proestrus luteinizing hormone surge in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 59: 163, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Walker R.F., McCamant S., Timiras P.S. Melatonin and the influence of the pineal gland on timing of the LH surge in rats. Neuroendocrinology 35: 37, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Kapen S., Boyar R., Hellman L., Weitzman E.D. Episodic release of luteinizing hormone at mid-menstrual cycle in normal adult women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36: 724, 1973.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Edwards R.G., Steptoe P.C., Purdy J.M. Estabilishing full-term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 87: 737, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Edwards R.G. Test-tube babies. Nature 293: 253, 1981.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Testart J., Frydman R., Roger M. Seasonal influence of diurnal rhythms in the onset of the plasma luteinizing hormone surge in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55: 374, 1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  387. Brzezinski A., Lynch H.L., Wurtman R.J., Scibel M.M. Possible contribution of melatonin to the timing of the luteinizing hormone surge. N. Engl. J. Med. 316: 1550, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Voordouw B.G., Euser R., Verdonk R.E.R., Alberda B.T., De Jong F.H., Drogendijk A.C., Fauser B.C.J.M., Cohen M. Melatonin and melatonin-progestin combinations alter pituitary-ovarian function in women and can inhibit ovulation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74: 108, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. Rossmanith W., Yen S.S.C. Sleep-associated decrease in LH pulse frequency during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: evidence for an opioidergic mechanism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65: 713, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  390. Soules M.R., Steiner R.A., Cohen N.L., Bremner W.J., Clifton D.K. Nocturnal slowing of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 61: 43, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. Filicori M., Santoro N., Merriam G.R., Crowley W.F. Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 62: 1136, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Rossmanith W.G., Boscher S., Kern W., Fehm H.L. Impact of sleep on the circadian excursion in the pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness of early follicular phase women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76: 330, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Wehr T.A., Giesen H.A., Moul D.E., Turner E.H., Schwartz P.J. Suppression of men’s responses to seasonal changes in day length by modern artificial lighting. Am. J. Physiol. 269: R173, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. Hoff J.D., Quigley M.E., Yen S.S.C. Hormonal dynamics at midcycle: a reevaluation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57: 792, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Lee K.A. Circadian temperature rhythms in relation to menstrual cycle phase. J. Biol. Rhythms 3: 255, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  396. Trentini G.P., Botticelli A.R., Sannicola Botticelli C., Barabanti Silva C. Decreased ovarian LH incorporation after melatonin treatment. Horm. Metab. Res. 8: 234, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  397. Fiske V.M., Parker K.L., Ulmer R.A., Ow C.H., Aziz N. Effect of melatonin alone or in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin or ovine luteinizing hormone on the in vitro secretion of estrogens or progesterone by granulosa cells of rats. Endocrinology 114: 407, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Baratta M., Tamanini C. Effect of melatonin on the in vitro secretion of progesterone and estradiol 17ß by ovine granulosa cells. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 127: 366, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Webley G. E., Hearn J. P. Local production of progesterone by the corpus luteum of the marmoset monkey in response to perfusion with chronic gonadotrophin and melatonin in vivo. J. Endocrinol. 112: 449, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. Khan-Dawwood F.S., Dawood M.Y. Baboon corpus luteum: the effect of melatonin on in vitro progesterone production. Fertil. Steril. 59: 896, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  401. Younglai E.V. in vitro effects of melatonin on HCG stimulation of steroid accumulation by rabbit ovarian follicles. J. Steroid Biochem. 10: 714, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Yen S.S.C. The human menstrual cycle: Neuroendocrine regulation. In: Yen S.S.C. and Jaffe R.B. (Eds.), Reproductive Endocrinology, Ed. 3. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1991, p. 273.

    Google Scholar 

  403. Spies H.G., Mahoney C.J., Norman R.L., Clifton D.K., Resko J.A. Evidence for a diurnal rhythm in ovarian steroid secretion in the Rhesus Monkey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 39: 347, 1974.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Healy D.L., Schenken R.S., Lynch A., Williams R.F., Hodgen G.D. Pulsatile progesterone secretion:its relevance to clinical evaluation of corpus luteum function. Fertil. Steril. 41: 114, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  405. Filicori M., Butler J.P., Crowley W.F. Neuroendocrine regulation of the corpus luteum in the human. Evidence for pulsatile progesterone secretion. J.Clin. Invest. 73: 1638, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  406. Veldhuis J.D., Christiansen E., Evans W.S., Kolp L.A., Rogol A.D., Johnson M.L. Physiological profiles of episodic progesterone release during the midluteal phase of the human menstrual cycle: analysis of circadian and ultradian rhythms, discrete pulse properties, and correlatios with simultaneous luteinizing hormone release. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 414, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. Rossmanith W.G., Laughlin G.A., Mortola J.F., Johnson M.L., Veldhuis J.D., Yen S.S.C. Pulsatile cosecretion of estradiol and progesterone by the midluteal phase corpus luteum: temporal link to luteinizing hormone pulses. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70: 990, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Berga S.L., Mortola J.F., Yen S.S.C. Amplification of nocturnal melatonin secretion in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66: 242, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Laughlin G.A., Loucks A.B., Yen S.S.C. Marked augmentation of nocturnal melatonin secretion in amenorrheic athletes, but not cycling athletes: unaltered by opioidergic or dopaminergic blockade. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73: 1321, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Tortosa F., Piuig-Domingo M., Peinado M.A., Oriola J., Webb S.M., de Leiva A. Enhanced circadian rhythm of melatonin in anorexia nervosa. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.) 120: 584, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  411. Brambilla F., Fraschini F. Espositi G., Bossolo P.A., Marelli G., Ferrari E. Melatonin circadian rhythm in anorexia nervosa and obesity. Psychiatr. Res. 23: 267, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  412. Ferrari E., Poppa S., Bossolo P.A., Comis S., Espositi G., Licini V., Fraschini F., Brambilla F. Melatonin and pituitary -gonadal function in disorders of eating behavior. J. Pineal Res. 7: 115, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Arendt J., Bhanji S., Franey C., Mattingly D. Plasma melatonin levels in anorexia nervosa. Br. J. Psychiatry 161: 361, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Bearn J., Treasure J., Murphy M., Franey C., Arendt J., Wheeler M., Checkley S.A. A study of sulphatoxy melatonin excretion and gonadotropin status during weight gain in anorexia nervosa. Br. J. Psychiatry 152: 372, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Parienti V., Kennedy S.H., Brown G.H., Costa D. Boulimie, boulimie-anorexie et secretion nocturne de melatonine et de Cortisol. Encephalie 14: 421, 1988.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  416. Kennedy S.H., Brown G.M., Garfinkel P.E., McVey G., Costa D., Parienti V. Sulphatoxy melatonin: an index of depression in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 32: 221, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Kennedy S.H., Brown G.M., Ford C.G., Ralevski E. The acute effects of starvation on 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin output in subgroups of patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 18: 131, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Mortola J.F., Laughlin G.A., Yen S.S.C. Melatonin rhythms in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77: 1540, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cagnacci, A., Volpe, A. Influence of melatonin and photoperiod on animal and human reproduction. J Endocrinol Invest 19, 382–411 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344974

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344974

Keywords

Navigation