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La radiochirurgia nella patologia tumorale ipofisaria

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La radiochirurgia (RC) viene attualmente utilizzata nel trattamento degli adenomi ipofisari, sia secernenti che non secernenti, prevalentemente come terapia adiuvante, in aggiunta a quella chirurgica oppure farmacologica, quando non siano sufficientemente efficaci e ben tollerate. Al paziente che rifiuti l’intervento e/o la terapia cronica di durata indefinita può essere proposta anche come terapia di prima scelta, se non v’è necessità di risolvere d’urgenza l’effetto massa dell’adenoma. La RC si differenzia dalla radioterapia (RT) convenzionale frazionata, le cui prime applicazioni nella terapia degli adenomi ipofisari risalgono agli inizi del ‘900, ma il cui uso è oggi limitato dalle maggiori conoscenze sui possibili effetti dannosi a lungo termine, in quanto utilizza una singola alta dose di radiazione, invece che ripetute basse dosi, conformata sul bersaglio, costituito dal solo tessuto patologico, con minima esposizione del tessuto sano circostante. Può essere effettuata con strumentazioni differenti (Gamma-Knife, LINAC, particelle pesanti, Cyber-knife ecc.) ma quella più diffusa, sicura e su cui abbiamo in Italia maggiore esperienza è la Gamma-Knife (GK). Per quanto riguarda l’efficacia, la RC con GK è in grado di arrestare la crescita dei tumori ipofisari complessivamente nel 95% dei casi, di questi i 2/3 hanno un’evidente riduzione del volume della massa (effetto antiproliferativo). Nel caso di adenomi secernenti la normalizzazione ormonale si ottiene nel 30- 70% dei pazienti a seconda delle casistiche, del tipo di adenoma, della modalità di trattamento, della lunghezza del follow-up (effetto antisecretivo). L’effetto collaterale maggiore rimane l’ipopituitarismo che insorge dopo alcuni anni nel 10–30% dei pazienti trattati. Quando siano disponibili operatori esperti e quando le dimensioni non troppo grandi e la distanza dal chiasma ottico lo permettano, la RC è sicuramente da preferirsi alla RT convenzionale frazionata, dati i minori effetti collaterali a lungo termine. La RC è particolarmente indicata nel trattamento di piccoli adenomi o di residui post-chirurgici che infiltrano il seno cavernoso. Perché diventi una terapia di prima scelta sarà tuttavia necessario raggiungere una migliore conoscenza del rapporto rischio-beneficio, che sarà possibile solo con un follow-up di grandi casistiche ancora più lungo di quello oggi disponibile e una migliore definizione dei criteri metodologici ottimali di trattamento.

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Correspondence to Maura Arosio.

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Arosio, M., Ronchi, C.L., Epaminonda, P. et al. La radiochirurgia nella patologia tumorale ipofisaria. L’Endocrinologo 8, 85–93 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03344568

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