References
Black L.J., Sato M., Rowley E.R., Magee D.E., Bekel A., Williams D.C., Cullinan G.J., Bendele R., Kauffman R.F., Bensch W.R., Frolik C.A., Termine J.D., Bryant H.U. Raloxifene (LY139481) prevents bone loss and reduces serum cholesterol without causing uterine hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93: 63–69.
Kleinman D., Karas M., Danilenko M., Arbeli A., Roberts C.T., LeRoith D., Levy J., Sharoni Y. Stimulation of endometrial cancer cell growth by tamoxifen is associated with increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I induced tyrosine phophorylation and reduction in IGF binding proteins. Endocrinology 1996, 137: 1089–1095.
Sato M., Rippy M., Bryant H.U. Raloxifene, tamoxifen, nafoxidine, or estrogen effects on reproductive and nonreproductive tissues in ovariectomized rats. FASEB. J. 1996, 10: 905–912.
Udoff L., Langenberg P., Adashi E.Y. Combined continuous hormone replacement therapy: a critical review. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995, 86: 306–316.
Vuento M.H., Pirhonen J.P., Mäkinen J.I., Tyrkkö J.E., Laippala P.J., Grönroos M., Salmi T.A. Endometrial fluid accumulation in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 1996, 8: 37–41.
Gull B., Karlsson B., Wikland M., Milsom I., Granberg S. Factors influencing the presence of uterine cavity fluid in a random sample of asymptomatic post-menopausal women. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1998, 77: 751–757.
Delmas P.D., Bjarnason N.H., Mitlak B.H., Ravoux A.-C., Shah A., Huster W.J., Draper M., Christiansen C. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 337: 1641–1647.
Lufkin E.G., Whitaker M.D., Nickelsen T., Argueta R., Caplan R.H., Knickerbocker R.K., Riggs B.L. Treatment of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with raloxifene: a randomized trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1998, 13: 1747–1154.
Cummings S.R., Eckert S., Krueger K.A., Grady D., Powles T.J., Cauley J.A., Norton L., Nickelsen T., Bjarnason N.H., Morrow M., Lippman E., Black D., Glusman J.E., Costa A., Jordan V.C. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1999, 281: 2189–2197.
Davies G.C., Huster W.J., Lu Y., Plouffe L., Lakshmanan M. Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Obstet. Gynecol. 1999, 93: 558–565.
Baker V.L., Draper M., Paul S., Allerheiligen S., Glant M., Shifren J., Jaffe R.B. Reproductive endocrine and endometrial effects of raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in women with regular menstrual cycles. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83: 6–13.
Fisher B., Costantino J., Wickerham D.L., Redmond C.K., Kavanah M., Cronin W.M., Vogel V., Robidoux A., Dimitrov N., Atkins J., Daly M., Wieand S., Tan-Chiu E., Ford L., Wolmark N. and other National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Investigators. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1998, 90: 1371–1388.
Ferrazzi E., Cartei G., Mattarazzo R., Fiorentino M. Oestrogen-like effect of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium. B.M.J. 1977, 1: 1351–1352.
Lahti E., Vuopala S., Kauppila A., Blanco G., Ruokonen A., Laatikainen T. Maturation of vaginal and endometrial epithelium in postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving long-term tamoxifen. Gynecol. Oncol. 1994, 55: 410–414.
Dijkhuizen F.P.H.L.J., Brölmann H.A.M., Oddens B.J.J., Roumen R.M.H., Coubergh J.W.W, Heintz A.P.M. Transvaginal ultrasonography and endometrial changes in the postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen. Maturitas 1996, 25: 45–50.
Nuovo M.A., Nuovo G.J., McCaffrey R.M., Levine R.M, Baron B., Winkler B. Endometrial polyps in postmenopausal patients receiving tamoxifen. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 1989, 8: 125–131.
The writing group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1996, 275: 370–375.
Nand S.L., Webster M.A., Baber R., O’Connor V., for the Ogen/Provera Study Group. Bleeding pattern and endometrial changes during continuous combined hormone replacement therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 91: 678–684.
Woodruff J.D., Pickar J.H. for the Menopause Study Group. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in post-menopausal women taking conjugated estrogens (Premarin) with medroxyprogesterone acetate or conjugated estrogens alone. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1994, 170: 1213–1223.
Johannisson E., Holinka C.F., Arrenbrecht S. Transdermal sequential and continuous hormone replacement regimens with estradiol and norethisterone acetate in postmenopausal women: effects of the endometrium. Int. J. Fertil. 1997, 42 (Suppl. 2): 388–398.
Ross A.H., Boyd M.E., Colgan T.J., Ferenczy A., Fugere P., Lorrain J. Comparison of transdermal and oral sequential gestagen in combination with transdermal estradiol: effects on bleeding patterns and endometrial histology. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993, 82: 773–779.
Shah A.S., Scheel W.H., Glant M.D., Fugére P. Raloxifene HCL is not stimulatory in the endometrium as assessed by the Blaustein criteria and an estrogenicity scoring system. ACOG 46th Annual Clinical Meeting, May 9–13, 1998, New Orleans, p. 66 (Abstract).
Goldstein S., Srikanth R., Parsons A., Londoño J., Kenemans P., Wilkie B.S., Walsh B., Shah A., Scheele W. Effects of raloxifene on the endometrium in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 1998, 5: 277–278 (Abstract).
Glant M., Eisenhut C., Draper M. A scale for assessing postmenopausal endometrial proliferation in response to potential or known selective estrogen receptor modulators. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1995, 104: 341–342 (Abstract).
Boss S.M., Huster W.J., Neild J.A., Glant M.D., Eisenhut C.C., Draper M.W. Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 1998, 177: 1458–1464.
Assikis V.J., Jordan V.C. Gynecologic effects of tamoxifen and the association with endometrial carcinoma. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1995, 49: 241–257.
MacMahon B. Overview of studies on endometrial cancer and other types of cancer in humans: perspectives of an epidemiologist. Sem. Oncol. 1997, 24 (Suppl. 1): 122–139.
Grady D., Gebretsadik T., Kerlikowke K., Ernster V., Petitti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995, 85: 304–313.
Kedar R.P., Bourne T.H., Powles T.J., Collins W.P., Asjley S.E., Cosgrove D.O., Campbell S. Effects of tamoxifen on uterus and ovaries of post-menopausal women in a randomized breast cancer prevention trial. Lancet 1994, 343: 1318–1321.
Timmermann D., Deprest J., Bourne T.H., van den Berghe I., Collins W.P., Vergote I. A randomized trial on the use of ultrasonography or office hysteroscopy for endometrial assessment in tamoxifen-treated postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 179: 62–70.
Neven P., de Muylder X., van Belle Y., van Hoff I., Vanderick G. Longitudinal hysteroscopic follow-up during tamoxifen treatment. Lancet 1998, 351: 36.
Cohen C.J. Tamoxifen and endometrial cancer: tamoxifen effects on the human female genital tract. Sem. Oncol. 1997, 24 (Suppl 1): 55–64.
Porter K.B., Tsibris J.C.M., Porter G.W., Fuchs-Young R., Nicosia S.V., O’Brien W.F., Spellacy W.N. Effects of raloxifene in a guinea pig model for leiomyomas. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 179: 1283–1287.
Rullo S., Tagliaferri T., Bandierra F., Fiorelli C., Felici A., Piccioni M.G., FraMarino dei Malatesta M.L. Uterine changes during tamoxifen therapy. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 20: 116–119, 1993.
Dilts P.V., Hopkins M.P., Chang A.E., Cody R.L. Rapid growth of leiomyoma in patients receiving tamoxifen. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992, 166: 167–168.
Ylöstalo P., Granberg S., Bäckström A.-C., Hirsjärvi-Lahti T. Uterine findings by transvaginal sonography during percutaneous estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1996, 23: 313–317.
Hammar M., Berg G., Fåhraeus L., Larsson-Cohn U. Climacteric symptoms in an unselected sample of Swedish women. Maturitas 1984, 6: 345–350.
Kaufert P. Women and their health in the middle years: a Manitoba project. Soc. Sci. Med. 1984, 3: 1029–1030.
Ballinger S.E. Psychosocial stress and symptoms of menopause: a comparative study of menopause clinic patients and non-patients. Maturitas 1985, 7: 315–327.
McKinlay J.B., McKinlay S.M., Brambilla D. The relative contribution of endocrine changes and social circumstances in mid-aged women. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1987, 28: 345–363.
Holte A. Prevalence of climacteric complaints in a representative sample of middle-aged women in Oslo, Norway. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991, 12: 303–317.
Hunter M. The South-East England longitudinal study of the climacteric and postmenopause. Maturitas 1992, 14: 117–126.
Oldenhave A., Jaszmann L.J.B., Haspels A.A., Everaerd W.T.A.M. Impact of climacteric on well-being: a survey based on 5213 women aged 39 to 60 years old. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993, 168: 772–780.
Lock M., Kaufert P., Gilbert P. Cultural construction of the menopausal syndrome: the Japanese case. Maturitas 1988, 10: 317–332.
Boulet M.J., Oddens B.J., Lehert P., Vemer H.M., Visser A. Climacteric and menopause in seven south-east Asian countries. Maturitas 1994, 19: 157–176.
Beyene Y. Cultural significance and physiological manifestations of menopause: a biocultural analysis. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 1986, 10: 47–71.
Mohyi D., Tabassi K., Simon J. Differential diagnosis of hot flashes. Maturitas 1997, 27: 203–214.
Molnar G.W. Body temperatures during menopausal hot flashes. J. Appl. Physiol. 1975, 38: 499–503.
Tataryn I.V., Meldrum D.R., Lu K.H., Frumar A.M., Judd H.L. LH, FSH, and skin temperature during menopausal hot flush. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1979, 49: 152–154.
Kronenberg F. Hot flashes. In: Lobo R.A. (Ed.), Treatment of the postmenopausal women: basic and clinical aspects. Raven Press, New York, 1994, p. 97–117.
Woodward S., Greville H.W., Freedman R.R. Ventilatory response during menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 1995, 2: 81–88.
Casper R.F., Yen S.S.C. Neuroendocrinology of menopausal flushes: an hypothesis of fluid mechanism. Clin. Endocrinol. 1985, 22: 293–312.
Genazzani A.R., Stomati M., Spinetti A., Greco M.M., Genazzani A.D., Petraglia F. Neuroendocrinology of the climacteric period and hormonal replacement therapy. In: Wren B.G. (Ed.), Progress in the management of the menopause. Parthenon Publishing, Lancaster, 1997, p. 380–384.
Merchenthaler I., Funkhouser J.M., Carver J.M., Lundeen S.G., Ghosh K., Winneker R.C. Effect of estrogens and antiestrogens in a rat model for hot flush. Maturitas 1998, 30: 307–316.
Germaine L., Freedman R.R. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes: evaluation by objective methods. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1984, 52: 1072–1079.
Wyon Y., Lindgren R., Lundeberg T., Hammar M. Effects of acupuncture on climacteric vasomotor symptoms, quality of life, and urinary excretion of neuropeptides among postmenopausal women. Menopause 1995, 2: 3–12.
Hammar M., Berg G., Lindgren R. Does physical exercise influence the frequency of postmenopausal hot flushes? Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1991, 69: 409–412.
Schiff I., Tulchinsky D., Cramer D., Ryan K.J. Oral medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms. JAMA 1980, 244: 1443–1445.
Clayden J.R., Bell J.W., Pollard P. Menopausal flushing: double-blind trial of a nonhormonal medication. B.M.J. 1975, 1: 409–412.
Jones K.P., Ravnikar V., Schiff I. A preliminary evaluation of the effect of lofexidine on vasomotor flushes in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 1985, 7: 135–139.
Nesheim B.-I., Saetre T. Reduction of menopausal hot flushes by methyldopa: a double blind crossover trial. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1981, 20: 413–416.
Lebherz T.B., French L. Nonhormonal treatment of the menopausal syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 1969, 33: 795–799.
Melis G.B., Gambacciani M., Cagnacci A., Paoletti A.M., Mais V., Fioretti P. Effects of the dopamine antagonist veralipride on hot flushes and luteinizing hormone secretion in postmenopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 1988, 72: 688–692.
Coope J., Williams S., Patterson J.S. A study of the effectiveness of propranolol in menopausal hot flushes. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1978, 85: 472–475.
Alcoff J.M., Campbell D., Tribble D., Oldfield B., Cruess D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of propranolol as treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Clin. Ther. 1981, 3: 356–364.
Albertazzi P., Pansini F., Bonaccorsi G., Zanotti L., Forini E., de Aloysio D. The effect of dietary soy supplementation of hot flushes. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 91: 6–11.
Dalais F.S., Rice G.E., Wahlqvist M.L., Grehan M., Murkies A.L., Medley G., Ayton R., Strauss B.J.G. Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 1998, 1: 124–129.
Stoll W. Phytotherapeutikum beeinflußt atrophisches Vaginalepithel — Doppelblindversuch Cimicifuga vs Östrogenpräparat. Therapeutikon 1985, 1: 1–15.
Liske E., Wüstenberg P. Therapy of climacteric complaints with cimicifuga racemosa: herbal medicine with clinically proven evidence. Menopause 1998, 5: 250 (Abstract).
Draper M.W., Flower D.E., Huster W.J., Neild J.A., Harper K.D., Arnaud C. A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY 139481)HCL: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1996, 11: 835–842.
Walsh B.W., Kuller L.H., Wild R.A., Paul S., Farmer M., Lawrence J.B., Shah A.S., Andersen P.W. Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998, 279: 1445–1451.
Bolognese M., Moffett A., Jensen C., MacDonald B. Idoxifene is well tolerated in osteopenic post-menopausal women. Menopause 1998, 5: 271–272 (Abstract).
Kupperman H.S., Wetchler B.B., Blatt M.H. Contemporary therapy of the menopausal syndrome. JAMA 1959, 171: 1627–1637.
Hunter M., Battersby R., Whitehead M. Relationship between psychological symptoms, somatic complaints and menopausal status. Maturitas 1986, 8: 217–228.
Hilditch J.R., Lewis J., Peter A., van Maris B., Ross A., Franssen E., Guyatt G.H., Norton P.G., Dunn E. A menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. Maturitas 1996, 24: 161–175.
Greene J.G. Constructing a standard climacteric scale. Maturitas 1998, 29: 25–31.
Shumaker S.A., Anderson R.T., Czajkowski S.M. Psychological tests and scales. In: Spilker B. (Ed.), Quality of life assessments in clinical trials. Raven Press, New York, 1990, p. 95–113.
Wiklund I. Methods of assessing the impact of climacteric complaints on quality of life. Maturitas 1998, 29: 41–50.
Toran-Allerand C.D. Interactions of estrogen with growth factors in the developing central nervous system. In: Hochberg R.B., Naftolin F. (Eds.), The new biology of steroid hormones. Raven Press, New York, 1994, p. 311–321.
Haskell S.G., Richardson E.D., Horwitz R.I. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on cognitive function in women: a critical review of the literature. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1997, 50: 1249–1264.
Yaffe K., Sawaya G., Lieberburg I., Grady D. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Effects on cognitive function and dementia. JAMA 1998, 279: 688–695.
Polo-Kantola P., Portin R., Koskinen T., Polo O., Irjala K., Erkkola R. Climacteric symptoms do not impair cognitive performances in postmenopause. Maturitas 1997, 27: 13–23.
Reboussin B.A., Greendale G., Espeland M.A. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on self-reported cognitive symptoms: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. Climacteric 1998, 1: 172–179.
Nickelsen T., Lufkin E.G., Riggs B.L., Cox D.A., Crook T.H. Raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator: safety assessment of effects on cognitive function and mood in postmenopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999, 24: 115–123.
Nilsen J., Mor G., Naftolin F. Raloxifene induces neurite outgrowth in estrogen receptor positive PC12 cells. Menopause 1998, 5: 211–216.
Siefer D.B., Roa-Pena L., Keefe D.L. Increasing hypothalamic arcuate nucleus glial peroxidase activity in ageing female rats is reduced by an antiestrogen and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Menopause 1994, 1: 83–90.
Clemens J.A., Bennett D.R., Black L.J., Jones C.D. Effects of a new antiestrogen, keoxifene (LY156758), on growth of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors and on LH and prolactin levels. Life Sci. 1983, 32: 2869–2875.
Shugrue P.J., Lane M.V., Merchenthaler I. Regulation of progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat medial preoptic nucleus by estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds: an in situ hybridization study. Endocrinology 1997, 138: 5476–5484.
Collins A., Landgren B.-M. Reproductive health, use of estrogen and experience of symptoms in perimenopausal women: a population-based study. Maturitas 1994, 20: 101–111.
Dennerstein L., Smith A.M.A., Morse C. Psychological well-being, mid-life and the menopause. Maturitas 1994, 20: 1–11.
Kaufert P., Gilbert P., Tate R. The Manitoba project: a re-examining of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 1992, 14: 143–156.
Limouzin-Lamothe M.A., Mairin N., Joyce C.R., Le Gal M. Quality of life after the menopause: influence of hormonal replacement therapy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1994, 170: 618–624.
Zweifel J.E., O’Brien W.H. A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997, 22: 189–212.
Daly E., Gray A., Barlow D., MacPherson K., Roche M., Vessey M. Measuring the impact of menopausal symptoms on quality of life. B.M.J. 1993, 307: 836–840.
Groeneveld F.P.M.J., Bareman F.P., Barentsen R., Dokter H.J., Drogendijk A.C., Hoes A.W. Vasomotor symptoms and well-being in the climacteric years. Maturitas 1996, 23: 293–299.
Holte A. Menopause, mood and hormone replacement therapy: methodological issues. Maturitas 1998, 29: 5–18.
Palinkas L.A., Barrett-Connor E. Estrogen use and depressive symptoms in post-menopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992, 80: 30–36.
McCoy N.L. Methodological problems in the study of sexuality and the menopause. Maturitas 1998, 29: 51–60.
Sherwin B.B. The use of androgens in the postmenopause: evidence from clinical studies. In: Wren B.G. (Ed.), Progress in the management of the menopause. Parthenon Publishing, Lancaster, 1997, p. 263–266.
Samsioe G., Heraib F., Lidfeldt J., Nerbrand C., Lindholm L., Agardh C.-D., Scherstén B. Urogenital symptoms in women aged 50–60. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 1999, 13: 113–117.
Dören M. Urogenital aging — creation of improved awareness. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 178: S254–266.
Fantl J.A., Cardozo L.A., McClish D.K. and the Hormones and the Urogenital Therapy Committee. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet. Gynecol 1994, 83: 112–118.
Sultana C.J., Walters M.D. Estrogen and urinary incontinence. Maturitas 1994, 20: 129–138.
Barlow D.H., Samsioe G., van Geelen J.M. A study of European women’s experience of the problems of urogenital ageing and its management. Maturitas 1997, 27: 239–247.
Thom D.H., Brown J.S. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life: a review of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1998, 46: 1411–1417.
Cardozo L., Bachmann G., McClish D., Fonda D., Birgerson L. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: Second Report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 92: 722–777.
Cohen F., Watts S., Beymer K. Vaginal complaints in healthy postmenopausal women: data from a 3-year trial comparing raloxifene with conjugated estrogens or placebo. Menopause 1998, 5: 283 (Abstract).
Murray T.M., Rawlins M.R., Derzko C., Rao L.G. Effects of raloxifene and estrogen on human vaginal epithelial cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997, 12 (Suppl. 1): 346 (Abstract).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dören, M. Effect of SERMs on the uterus and menopausal symptoms. J Endocrinol Invest 22, 625–635 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343620
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343620