Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of SERMs on the uterus and menopausal symptoms

  • Published:
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Black L.J., Sato M., Rowley E.R., Magee D.E., Bekel A., Williams D.C., Cullinan G.J., Bendele R., Kauffman R.F., Bensch W.R., Frolik C.A., Termine J.D., Bryant H.U. Raloxifene (LY139481) prevents bone loss and reduces serum cholesterol without causing uterine hypertrophy in ovariectomized rats. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93: 63–69.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kleinman D., Karas M., Danilenko M., Arbeli A., Roberts C.T., LeRoith D., Levy J., Sharoni Y. Stimulation of endometrial cancer cell growth by tamoxifen is associated with increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I induced tyrosine phophorylation and reduction in IGF binding proteins. Endocrinology 1996, 137: 1089–1095.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sato M., Rippy M., Bryant H.U. Raloxifene, tamoxifen, nafoxidine, or estrogen effects on reproductive and nonreproductive tissues in ovariectomized rats. FASEB. J. 1996, 10: 905–912.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Udoff L., Langenberg P., Adashi E.Y. Combined continuous hormone replacement therapy: a critical review. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995, 86: 306–316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Vuento M.H., Pirhonen J.P., Mäkinen J.I., Tyrkkö J.E., Laippala P.J., Grönroos M., Salmi T.A. Endometrial fluid accumulation in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 1996, 8: 37–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gull B., Karlsson B., Wikland M., Milsom I., Granberg S. Factors influencing the presence of uterine cavity fluid in a random sample of asymptomatic post-menopausal women. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1998, 77: 751–757.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Delmas P.D., Bjarnason N.H., Mitlak B.H., Ravoux A.-C., Shah A., Huster W.J., Draper M., Christiansen C. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 337: 1641–1647.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lufkin E.G., Whitaker M.D., Nickelsen T., Argueta R., Caplan R.H., Knickerbocker R.K., Riggs B.L. Treatment of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with raloxifene: a randomized trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1998, 13: 1747–1154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cummings S.R., Eckert S., Krueger K.A., Grady D., Powles T.J., Cauley J.A., Norton L., Nickelsen T., Bjarnason N.H., Morrow M., Lippman E., Black D., Glusman J.E., Costa A., Jordan V.C. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1999, 281: 2189–2197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Davies G.C., Huster W.J., Lu Y., Plouffe L., Lakshmanan M. Adverse events reported by postmenopausal women in controlled trials with raloxifene. Obstet. Gynecol. 1999, 93: 558–565.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Baker V.L., Draper M., Paul S., Allerheiligen S., Glant M., Shifren J., Jaffe R.B. Reproductive endocrine and endometrial effects of raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in women with regular menstrual cycles. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83: 6–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fisher B., Costantino J., Wickerham D.L., Redmond C.K., Kavanah M., Cronin W.M., Vogel V., Robidoux A., Dimitrov N., Atkins J., Daly M., Wieand S., Tan-Chiu E., Ford L., Wolmark N. and other National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Investigators. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1998, 90: 1371–1388.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ferrazzi E., Cartei G., Mattarazzo R., Fiorentino M. Oestrogen-like effect of tamoxifen on vaginal epithelium. B.M.J. 1977, 1: 1351–1352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lahti E., Vuopala S., Kauppila A., Blanco G., Ruokonen A., Laatikainen T. Maturation of vaginal and endometrial epithelium in postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving long-term tamoxifen. Gynecol. Oncol. 1994, 55: 410–414.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dijkhuizen F.P.H.L.J., Brölmann H.A.M., Oddens B.J.J., Roumen R.M.H., Coubergh J.W.W, Heintz A.P.M. Transvaginal ultrasonography and endometrial changes in the postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen. Maturitas 1996, 25: 45–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nuovo M.A., Nuovo G.J., McCaffrey R.M., Levine R.M, Baron B., Winkler B. Endometrial polyps in postmenopausal patients receiving tamoxifen. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 1989, 8: 125–131.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. The writing group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1996, 275: 370–375.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Nand S.L., Webster M.A., Baber R., O’Connor V., for the Ogen/Provera Study Group. Bleeding pattern and endometrial changes during continuous combined hormone replacement therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 91: 678–684.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Woodruff J.D., Pickar J.H. for the Menopause Study Group. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in post-menopausal women taking conjugated estrogens (Premarin) with medroxyprogesterone acetate or conjugated estrogens alone. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1994, 170: 1213–1223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Johannisson E., Holinka C.F., Arrenbrecht S. Transdermal sequential and continuous hormone replacement regimens with estradiol and norethisterone acetate in postmenopausal women: effects of the endometrium. Int. J. Fertil. 1997, 42 (Suppl. 2): 388–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ross A.H., Boyd M.E., Colgan T.J., Ferenczy A., Fugere P., Lorrain J. Comparison of transdermal and oral sequential gestagen in combination with transdermal estradiol: effects on bleeding patterns and endometrial histology. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993, 82: 773–779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Shah A.S., Scheel W.H., Glant M.D., Fugére P. Raloxifene HCL is not stimulatory in the endometrium as assessed by the Blaustein criteria and an estrogenicity scoring system. ACOG 46th Annual Clinical Meeting, May 9–13, 1998, New Orleans, p. 66 (Abstract).

  23. Goldstein S., Srikanth R., Parsons A., Londoño J., Kenemans P., Wilkie B.S., Walsh B., Shah A., Scheele W. Effects of raloxifene on the endometrium in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 1998, 5: 277–278 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Glant M., Eisenhut C., Draper M. A scale for assessing postmenopausal endometrial proliferation in response to potential or known selective estrogen receptor modulators. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1995, 104: 341–342 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Boss S.M., Huster W.J., Neild J.A., Glant M.D., Eisenhut C.C., Draper M.W. Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 1998, 177: 1458–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Assikis V.J., Jordan V.C. Gynecologic effects of tamoxifen and the association with endometrial carcinoma. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1995, 49: 241–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. MacMahon B. Overview of studies on endometrial cancer and other types of cancer in humans: perspectives of an epidemiologist. Sem. Oncol. 1997, 24 (Suppl. 1): 122–139.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Grady D., Gebretsadik T., Kerlikowke K., Ernster V., Petitti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995, 85: 304–313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kedar R.P., Bourne T.H., Powles T.J., Collins W.P., Asjley S.E., Cosgrove D.O., Campbell S. Effects of tamoxifen on uterus and ovaries of post-menopausal women in a randomized breast cancer prevention trial. Lancet 1994, 343: 1318–1321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Timmermann D., Deprest J., Bourne T.H., van den Berghe I., Collins W.P., Vergote I. A randomized trial on the use of ultrasonography or office hysteroscopy for endometrial assessment in tamoxifen-treated postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 179: 62–70.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Neven P., de Muylder X., van Belle Y., van Hoff I., Vanderick G. Longitudinal hysteroscopic follow-up during tamoxifen treatment. Lancet 1998, 351: 36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cohen C.J. Tamoxifen and endometrial cancer: tamoxifen effects on the human female genital tract. Sem. Oncol. 1997, 24 (Suppl 1): 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Porter K.B., Tsibris J.C.M., Porter G.W., Fuchs-Young R., Nicosia S.V., O’Brien W.F., Spellacy W.N. Effects of raloxifene in a guinea pig model for leiomyomas. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 179: 1283–1287.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rullo S., Tagliaferri T., Bandierra F., Fiorelli C., Felici A., Piccioni M.G., FraMarino dei Malatesta M.L. Uterine changes during tamoxifen therapy. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 20: 116–119, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Dilts P.V., Hopkins M.P., Chang A.E., Cody R.L. Rapid growth of leiomyoma in patients receiving tamoxifen. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992, 166: 167–168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ylöstalo P., Granberg S., Bäckström A.-C., Hirsjärvi-Lahti T. Uterine findings by transvaginal sonography during percutaneous estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1996, 23: 313–317.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hammar M., Berg G., Fåhraeus L., Larsson-Cohn U. Climacteric symptoms in an unselected sample of Swedish women. Maturitas 1984, 6: 345–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kaufert P. Women and their health in the middle years: a Manitoba project. Soc. Sci. Med. 1984, 3: 1029–1030.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ballinger S.E. Psychosocial stress and symptoms of menopause: a comparative study of menopause clinic patients and non-patients. Maturitas 1985, 7: 315–327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. McKinlay J.B., McKinlay S.M., Brambilla D. The relative contribution of endocrine changes and social circumstances in mid-aged women. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1987, 28: 345–363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Holte A. Prevalence of climacteric complaints in a representative sample of middle-aged women in Oslo, Norway. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991, 12: 303–317.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Hunter M. The South-East England longitudinal study of the climacteric and postmenopause. Maturitas 1992, 14: 117–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Oldenhave A., Jaszmann L.J.B., Haspels A.A., Everaerd W.T.A.M. Impact of climacteric on well-being: a survey based on 5213 women aged 39 to 60 years old. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993, 168: 772–780.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lock M., Kaufert P., Gilbert P. Cultural construction of the menopausal syndrome: the Japanese case. Maturitas 1988, 10: 317–332.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Boulet M.J., Oddens B.J., Lehert P., Vemer H.M., Visser A. Climacteric and menopause in seven south-east Asian countries. Maturitas 1994, 19: 157–176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Beyene Y. Cultural significance and physiological manifestations of menopause: a biocultural analysis. Cult. Med. Psychiatry 1986, 10: 47–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mohyi D., Tabassi K., Simon J. Differential diagnosis of hot flashes. Maturitas 1997, 27: 203–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Molnar G.W. Body temperatures during menopausal hot flashes. J. Appl. Physiol. 1975, 38: 499–503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tataryn I.V., Meldrum D.R., Lu K.H., Frumar A.M., Judd H.L. LH, FSH, and skin temperature during menopausal hot flush. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1979, 49: 152–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kronenberg F. Hot flashes. In: Lobo R.A. (Ed.), Treatment of the postmenopausal women: basic and clinical aspects. Raven Press, New York, 1994, p. 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Woodward S., Greville H.W., Freedman R.R. Ventilatory response during menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 1995, 2: 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Casper R.F., Yen S.S.C. Neuroendocrinology of menopausal flushes: an hypothesis of fluid mechanism. Clin. Endocrinol. 1985, 22: 293–312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Genazzani A.R., Stomati M., Spinetti A., Greco M.M., Genazzani A.D., Petraglia F. Neuroendocrinology of the climacteric period and hormonal replacement therapy. In: Wren B.G. (Ed.), Progress in the management of the menopause. Parthenon Publishing, Lancaster, 1997, p. 380–384.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Merchenthaler I., Funkhouser J.M., Carver J.M., Lundeen S.G., Ghosh K., Winneker R.C. Effect of estrogens and antiestrogens in a rat model for hot flush. Maturitas 1998, 30: 307–316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Germaine L., Freedman R.R. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes: evaluation by objective methods. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1984, 52: 1072–1079.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wyon Y., Lindgren R., Lundeberg T., Hammar M. Effects of acupuncture on climacteric vasomotor symptoms, quality of life, and urinary excretion of neuropeptides among postmenopausal women. Menopause 1995, 2: 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hammar M., Berg G., Lindgren R. Does physical exercise influence the frequency of postmenopausal hot flushes? Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1991, 69: 409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schiff I., Tulchinsky D., Cramer D., Ryan K.J. Oral medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms. JAMA 1980, 244: 1443–1445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Clayden J.R., Bell J.W., Pollard P. Menopausal flushing: double-blind trial of a nonhormonal medication. B.M.J. 1975, 1: 409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jones K.P., Ravnikar V., Schiff I. A preliminary evaluation of the effect of lofexidine on vasomotor flushes in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 1985, 7: 135–139.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Nesheim B.-I., Saetre T. Reduction of menopausal hot flushes by methyldopa: a double blind crossover trial. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1981, 20: 413–416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lebherz T.B., French L. Nonhormonal treatment of the menopausal syndrome. Obstet. Gynecol. 1969, 33: 795–799.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Melis G.B., Gambacciani M., Cagnacci A., Paoletti A.M., Mais V., Fioretti P. Effects of the dopamine antagonist veralipride on hot flushes and luteinizing hormone secretion in postmenopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 1988, 72: 688–692.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Coope J., Williams S., Patterson J.S. A study of the effectiveness of propranolol in menopausal hot flushes. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1978, 85: 472–475.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Alcoff J.M., Campbell D., Tribble D., Oldfield B., Cruess D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of propranolol as treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Clin. Ther. 1981, 3: 356–364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Albertazzi P., Pansini F., Bonaccorsi G., Zanotti L., Forini E., de Aloysio D. The effect of dietary soy supplementation of hot flushes. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 91: 6–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Dalais F.S., Rice G.E., Wahlqvist M.L., Grehan M., Murkies A.L., Medley G., Ayton R., Strauss B.J.G. Effects of dietary phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 1998, 1: 124–129.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Stoll W. Phytotherapeutikum beeinflußt atrophisches Vaginalepithel — Doppelblindversuch Cimicifuga vs Östrogenpräparat. Therapeutikon 1985, 1: 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Liske E., Wüstenberg P. Therapy of climacteric complaints with cimicifuga racemosa: herbal medicine with clinically proven evidence. Menopause 1998, 5: 250 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Draper M.W., Flower D.E., Huster W.J., Neild J.A., Harper K.D., Arnaud C. A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY 139481)HCL: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1996, 11: 835–842.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Walsh B.W., Kuller L.H., Wild R.A., Paul S., Farmer M., Lawrence J.B., Shah A.S., Andersen P.W. Effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and coagulation factors in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998, 279: 1445–1451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bolognese M., Moffett A., Jensen C., MacDonald B. Idoxifene is well tolerated in osteopenic post-menopausal women. Menopause 1998, 5: 271–272 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kupperman H.S., Wetchler B.B., Blatt M.H. Contemporary therapy of the menopausal syndrome. JAMA 1959, 171: 1627–1637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hunter M., Battersby R., Whitehead M. Relationship between psychological symptoms, somatic complaints and menopausal status. Maturitas 1986, 8: 217–228.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hilditch J.R., Lewis J., Peter A., van Maris B., Ross A., Franssen E., Guyatt G.H., Norton P.G., Dunn E. A menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. Maturitas 1996, 24: 161–175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Greene J.G. Constructing a standard climacteric scale. Maturitas 1998, 29: 25–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Shumaker S.A., Anderson R.T., Czajkowski S.M. Psychological tests and scales. In: Spilker B. (Ed.), Quality of life assessments in clinical trials. Raven Press, New York, 1990, p. 95–113.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wiklund I. Methods of assessing the impact of climacteric complaints on quality of life. Maturitas 1998, 29: 41–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Toran-Allerand C.D. Interactions of estrogen with growth factors in the developing central nervous system. In: Hochberg R.B., Naftolin F. (Eds.), The new biology of steroid hormones. Raven Press, New York, 1994, p. 311–321.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Haskell S.G., Richardson E.D., Horwitz R.I. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on cognitive function in women: a critical review of the literature. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1997, 50: 1249–1264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Yaffe K., Sawaya G., Lieberburg I., Grady D. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Effects on cognitive function and dementia. JAMA 1998, 279: 688–695.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Polo-Kantola P., Portin R., Koskinen T., Polo O., Irjala K., Erkkola R. Climacteric symptoms do not impair cognitive performances in postmenopause. Maturitas 1997, 27: 13–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Reboussin B.A., Greendale G., Espeland M.A. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on self-reported cognitive symptoms: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. Climacteric 1998, 1: 172–179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Nickelsen T., Lufkin E.G., Riggs B.L., Cox D.A., Crook T.H. Raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator: safety assessment of effects on cognitive function and mood in postmenopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999, 24: 115–123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Nilsen J., Mor G., Naftolin F. Raloxifene induces neurite outgrowth in estrogen receptor positive PC12 cells. Menopause 1998, 5: 211–216.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Siefer D.B., Roa-Pena L., Keefe D.L. Increasing hypothalamic arcuate nucleus glial peroxidase activity in ageing female rats is reduced by an antiestrogen and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Menopause 1994, 1: 83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Clemens J.A., Bennett D.R., Black L.J., Jones C.D. Effects of a new antiestrogen, keoxifene (LY156758), on growth of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors and on LH and prolactin levels. Life Sci. 1983, 32: 2869–2875.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Shugrue P.J., Lane M.V., Merchenthaler I. Regulation of progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat medial preoptic nucleus by estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds: an in situ hybridization study. Endocrinology 1997, 138: 5476–5484.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Collins A., Landgren B.-M. Reproductive health, use of estrogen and experience of symptoms in perimenopausal women: a population-based study. Maturitas 1994, 20: 101–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Dennerstein L., Smith A.M.A., Morse C. Psychological well-being, mid-life and the menopause. Maturitas 1994, 20: 1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kaufert P., Gilbert P., Tate R. The Manitoba project: a re-examining of the link between menopause and depression. Maturitas 1992, 14: 143–156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Limouzin-Lamothe M.A., Mairin N., Joyce C.R., Le Gal M. Quality of life after the menopause: influence of hormonal replacement therapy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1994, 170: 618–624.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Zweifel J.E., O’Brien W.H. A meta-analysis of the effect of hormone replacement therapy upon depressed mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997, 22: 189–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Daly E., Gray A., Barlow D., MacPherson K., Roche M., Vessey M. Measuring the impact of menopausal symptoms on quality of life. B.M.J. 1993, 307: 836–840.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Groeneveld F.P.M.J., Bareman F.P., Barentsen R., Dokter H.J., Drogendijk A.C., Hoes A.W. Vasomotor symptoms and well-being in the climacteric years. Maturitas 1996, 23: 293–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Holte A. Menopause, mood and hormone replacement therapy: methodological issues. Maturitas 1998, 29: 5–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Palinkas L.A., Barrett-Connor E. Estrogen use and depressive symptoms in post-menopausal women. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992, 80: 30–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. McCoy N.L. Methodological problems in the study of sexuality and the menopause. Maturitas 1998, 29: 51–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sherwin B.B. The use of androgens in the postmenopause: evidence from clinical studies. In: Wren B.G. (Ed.), Progress in the management of the menopause. Parthenon Publishing, Lancaster, 1997, p. 263–266.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Samsioe G., Heraib F., Lidfeldt J., Nerbrand C., Lindholm L., Agardh C.-D., Scherstén B. Urogenital symptoms in women aged 50–60. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 1999, 13: 113–117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Dören M. Urogenital aging — creation of improved awareness. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 178: S254–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Fantl J.A., Cardozo L.A., McClish D.K. and the Hormones and the Urogenital Therapy Committee. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis. First report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet. Gynecol 1994, 83: 112–118.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Sultana C.J., Walters M.D. Estrogen and urinary incontinence. Maturitas 1994, 20: 129–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Barlow D.H., Samsioe G., van Geelen J.M. A study of European women’s experience of the problems of urogenital ageing and its management. Maturitas 1997, 27: 239–247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Thom D.H., Brown J.S. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for urinary incontinence in later life: a review of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1998, 46: 1411–1417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Cardozo L., Bachmann G., McClish D., Fonda D., Birgerson L. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: Second Report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet. Gynecol. 1998, 92: 722–777.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Cohen F., Watts S., Beymer K. Vaginal complaints in healthy postmenopausal women: data from a 3-year trial comparing raloxifene with conjugated estrogens or placebo. Menopause 1998, 5: 283 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  108. Murray T.M., Rawlins M.R., Derzko C., Rao L.G. Effects of raloxifene and estrogen on human vaginal epithelial cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997, 12 (Suppl. 1): 346 (Abstract).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Planning, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK

    Martina Dören

Authors
  1. Martina Dören
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dören, M. Effect of SERMs on the uterus and menopausal symptoms. J Endocrinol Invest 22, 625–635 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343620

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03343620

Key-words

Search

Navigation