References
N.J. Themelis and H.H. Kellogg, “Principles of Sulfide Smelting,” in Advances in Sulfide Smelting, edit. by H.Y. Sohn, D.B. George and A.D. Zunkel, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, 1983, pp. 1–24.
H.H. Kellogg and J.M. Henderson, “Energy Use in Sulfide Smelting of Copper,” in Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, edited by J.C. Yannopoulos and J.C. Agarwal, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1976, pp. 373–425.
A.V. Vanjukov et al., “Pyrometallurgical Method for Processing Heavy Nonferrous Metal Raw Materials,” U.S. Patent 4,252,560, February 24, 1981.
A.V. Vanjukov, V.P. Bystrov, and A.D. Vaskevich, “Versatility, High Operating Rate, Minimum Pollution,” Licensintorg Panorama, V/O Licensintorg, No. 3, Moscow, 1981, pp. 29–30.
G. Melcher, “Copper Extraction by the KHD Contop Process,” KHD Humboldt Wedag, Germany, 1982.
T. Suzuki, T. Yanagida, M. Goto, T. Echigoya, and N. Kikumoto, “Recent Operation of Mitsubishi Continuous Copper Smelting and Converting Process at Naoshima,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1982, pp. 51–76.
T. Suzuki, T. Yanagida, M. Goto, S. Kawakita, T. Echigoya, and N. Kikumoto, “Test Operation for Smelting More Tonnages of Copper Concentrates at the Mitsubishi Continuous Copper Smelting and Converting Process,” paper presented at the 112th AIME Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, March 6–10, 1983; TMS-AIME Paper Selection No. A83-34.
P.J. Mackey, J.B.W. Bailey, and G.D. Hallett, “The Noranda Process — An Update,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1982, pp. 213–236.
R.J. Anderson, R.R. Beck, and A.J. Weddick, “The Utah Smelter as Modified for Environmental Compliance,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1982, pp. 173–199.
G. Munoz, G. Vera, and H. Salazar, “Codelco-Chile: A Realistic Way to Increase Copper Smelting Capacity,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y. 1982, pp. 143–163.
G. Lindkvist, P-L. Nystedt, and S. Petersson, “Application of the Kaldo Process at the Copper Smelter of the Ronnskar Works, Boliden Metall AB, Skelleftehamn, Sweden,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y. 1982, pp. 41–49.
W.P.T. Nickel, P. Siewert, and G.W. Thornton, “Commissioning the Afton Copper Smelter,” paper presented at the 109th AIME Annual Meeting, February 24–28, 1980, Las Vegas, Nevada; TMS-AIME Paper Selection A80-55, 1980.
T.N. Antonioni, J.A. Blanco, and C.A. Landolt, “Oxy-Fuel Smelting in Reverberatory Furnaces at Inco Copper Cliff Smelter,” paper presented at 50th Anniversary Meeting of the Chilean Institute of Mining Engineers, Santiago, Chile, November 23–29, 1981, Vol. III, pp. 309–324.
I.S. Blair, J. Humphriss, B.P. Joyce, and J.L. Warnock, “The Introduction of Electric Furnace Smelting Technology to Mufulira, Zambia,” in Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, edited by J.C. Yannopoulos and J.C. Agarwal, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1976, pp. 168–196.
K. Murden and J. Sulanto, “The Outokumpu Flash Smelting Method,” in British Columbia Copper Smelting and Refining Technologies Seminar — November 5–6, 1980, edited by F.C. Basham, British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Vancouver, B.C., 1981, pp. 121–144.
M. Leiponen, “Development of Smelter Plant Design and Its Affect on Investment, Operating and Emission Control Costs,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1982, pp. 323–339.
T.N. Antonioni, CM. Diaz, H.C. Garven, and C.A. Landolt, “Control of the INCO Oxygen Flash Smelting Process,” in Copper Smelting — An Update, edited by D.B. George and J.C. Taylor, AIME, New York, N.Y. 1982.
T.N. Antonioni, T.C. Burnett, and C.M. Diaz, “Inco Oxygen Flash Smelting of Copper Concentrates,” in British Columbia Smelting and Refining Technologies Seminar — November 5–6, 1980, edited by F.C. Basham, British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Vancouver, 1981, pp. 9–48.
R.E. Johnson, N.J. Themelis, and G.A. Eltringham, “A Survey of Worldwide Copper Converter Practices,” in Copper and Nickel Converters, edited by R.E. Johnson, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 1–32.
J.G. Gomez, “Paipote Smelter: Seven Years Operating Hoboken Converters,” in Copper and Nickel Converters, edited by R.E. Johnson, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 291–311.
M. Goto and K. Kanamori, “Converting Furnace Operation of Mitsubishi Process,” in Copper and Nickel Converters, edited by R.E. Johnson, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 210–224.
P.E. Queneau, “Copper Making in the Eighties -Productivity in Metal Extraction from Sulfide Concentrates,” J. Metals, 33(1) (1981), pp. 38–46.
H. Weigel and G. Melcher, “Method for the Smelting of Material Such as Ore Concentrates,” U.S. Patent 4,362,561, December 7, 1982.
D.A. Mackie, P. Paschen, and G. Melcher, “High Efficiency System for Pyrometallurgical Recovery of High-Grade Copper Matte from Sulfide Concentrate,” in British Columbia Copper Smelting and Refining Technologies Seminar — November 5–6, 1980, edited by F.C. Basham, British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Vancouver, 1981, pp. 179–202.
G. Melcher, E. Muller, and H. Weigel, “The Kivcet Cyclone Smelting Process for Impure Copper Concentrates,” J. Metals, 28(7) (1976), pp. 4–8.
P.E. Queneau, and R. Schuhmann Jr., “Metamorphosis of the Copper Reverberatory Furnace: Oxygen Sprinkle Smelting,” J. Metals, 31(12) (1979), pp. 12–15.
W.R. Opie, “Pyrometallurgical Processes that Produce Blister Grade Copper without Matte Smelting,” in Extractive Metallurgy’ 81, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1981, pp. 135–140.
J.M. Floyd, N.C. Grave, and B.W. Lightfoot, “Small Pilot Plant Trials of SIROSMELT Copper Smelting in Australia/Japan,” in Extractive Metallurgy Symposium 1980, The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, Australia, 1980, pp. 63–74.
D.B. George and K.J. Richards, “Blister Copper Production by Converting Particulate Matte,” U.K. Patent Application GB 2,099,457, December 8, 1982.
G.K. Jones, “Process for Treating Copper Matte,” Canadian Patent 843359, June 2, 1970.
L.A. Mills, G.D. Hallett, and C.J. Newman, “Design and Operation of the Noranda Process Continuous Smelter,” in Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, edited by J.C. Yannopoulos and J.C. Agarwal, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1976, pp. 458–487.
J.K. Makinen, G.A. Jafs and P.T. Hanniala, “The Economics of Matte, White Metal and Blister Production in a Flash Smelter,” paper presented at the First International SME-AIME Fall Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 4–9, 1982.
D.W. Rodolff and K.B. Murden, “Suitability of the Outokumpu Direct Blister Process for Various Types of Copper Concentrates,” paper presented at the 112th AIME Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, March 6–10, 1983.
Globe and Mail, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 13, 1983; El Mercurio, Santiago, Chile, May 14, 1983.
J.B.W. Bailey, G.D. Hallett, and L.A. Mills, “The Noranda Home Smelter — 1965 to 1983,” in Advances in Sulphide Smelting, edited by H.Y. Sohn, D.B. George and A.D. Zunkel, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pernnsylvania, 1983, pp. 691–707.
M. Nagamori and P.J. Mackey, “Thermodynamics of Copper Matte Converting: I. Fundamentals of the Noranda Process,” Met. Trans., 9B (1978), pp. 255–265.
A.F. Tittes, K.H. Larson, E.E. Burton, and K.L. Britton, “Converter for Refining Liquid Metal,” U.K. Patent Application, GB 2,089,011A, November 18, 1981.
Inco Limited, 1982 Annual Report, Toronto, Ontario, 1982.
M.P. Amsden, R.M. Sweetin, and D.G. Treilhard, “The Selection and Design of Texasgulf Canada’s Copper Smelter and Refinery,” J. Metals, 30(7) (1978), pp. 16–26.
G.E. Norman and R.E. Michelluti, “Development and Operation of the Smelting and Environmental Improvement Process, Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Sudbury Operations,” paper presented to 84th Annual General Meeting, Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Quebec, Quebec, April 25–28, 1982.
M.D. Head, V.A. Englesakis, B.C. Pearson, and D.H. Wilkinson, “Nickel Refining by the TBRC Smelting and Pressure Carbonyl Route. Part I. Introduction and Process Outline of the Copper Cliff Nickel Refinery. Part II. Construction of the Copper Cliff Nickel Refinery. Part III. The Commissioning and Operation of a Carbonyl Refinery. Part IV. Technology of the TBRC Smelting and Pressure Carbonyl Processes,” paper presented at 105th AIME Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, February 1976.
C.J.D. Williams, “Developments in Smelting Nickel Concentrate as Practised by Western Mining Corporation” in Extractive Metallurgy’ 81, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1981, pp. 214–221.
N.J. Themelis and P. Tarassoff, “Process and Apparatus for the Continuous Smelting and Converting of Nickel-Copper Concentrates to Bessemer Matte,” Canadian Patent 890838, January 18, 1972.
CE. O’Neil, “Reduction Smelting Process,” U.S. Patent 4,344,792, August 17, 1982.
M.Y. Solar, R.J. Neal, T.N. Antonioni, and M.C. Bell, “Smelting Nickel Concentrates in Inco’s Oxygen Flash Furnace,” J. Metals, 31(1) (1979), pp. 26–32.
E.G. Parker, D.R. McKay, and H. Salomon-De-Friedberg, “Zinc Pressure Leaching at Cominco’s Trail Operation,” in Hydrometallurgy-Research, Development and Plant Practice, edited by K. Osseo-Asare and J.D. Miller, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1982, pp. 927–940.
H.H. Kellogg, “Energy Use in Zinc Extraction,” in Lead-Zinc-Tin’ 80, edited by J.M. Cigan, T.S. Mackey, and T.J. O’Keefe, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 28–47.
T.R.A. Davey and A.G. Turnbull, “The Direct Smelting of Zinc Sulfide Concentrate,” in Extractive Metallurgy Symposium 1980, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, Australia, 1980, pp. 23–30.
A. Yazawa, T. Kyomizu, and Katoh, “Direct Zinc Distillation by High Temperature Oxidation Method — A Theoretical Study of its Possibility,” Bull. Res. Institute Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, 33 (1) Tohoku University, (1977), (In Japanese).
K.B. Chaudhuri and G. Melcher, “Comparative View on the Metallurgy of the Kivcet CS and Other Direct Lead Smelting Processes,” Can. Inst. Min. Met. Bull., 71(799) (1978), pp. 126–130.
K.B. Chaudhuri, M. Koch, and J.L. Patino, “The Technical Scale Realization of the Kivcet Process for Lead,” Can. Inst. Min. Met. Bull., 73(817) (1980), pp. 146–150.
E.O. Nermes and T.T. Talonen, “Flash Smelting of Lead Concentrates,” paper presented at the 112th AIME Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, March 6–10, 1983; TMS-AIME Paper No. A83-35.
S. Petersson and B. Aktiebolag, “Autogeneous Smelting of Lead Concentrate in TBRC,” paper presented at 106th AIME Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 1977, TMS-AIME Paper No. A77-11.
W.H. Schwartz, P. Fischer, P. Queneau, R. Schuhmann, Jr., “QSL — A Continuous Process for Environmentally Clean Lead Production,” in Lead-Zinc-Tin’ 80, edited by J.M. Cigan, T.S. Mackey and T.J. O’Keefe, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 394–406.
H. Maczek, W. Blum, and P. Fischer, “Present State of Development of QSL Lead Process,” in Extractive Metallurgy’ 81, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1981, pp. 1–4.
L. Fontainas and R. Maes, “A Two-Step Process for Smelting Complex Pb-Cu Materials,” in Lead-Zinc-Tin’ 80, edited by J.M. Cigan, T.S. Mackey and T.J. O’Keefe, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 375–393.
Cominco Ltd., 1981 Annual Report, Vancouver, B.C., p. 10.
N.J. Themelis and J.R. Rawling, “Direct Process for Smelting of Lead Sulfide Concentrates to Lead,” U.S. Patent 3,663,207, May 16, 1972.
H. Maczek, W. Blum, and P. Fischer, Discussion of paper in Ref. 55, in Extractive Metallurgy’ 81, Discussion, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1981, pp. D1–D4.
T.R.A. Davey, “Advances in Lead, Zinc, and Tin Technology — Projections for 1980’s,” in Lead-Zinc-Tin’ 80, edited by J.M. Cigan, T.S. Mackey and T.J. O’Keefe, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 48–65.
W.H. Gauvin, G.R. Kubanek, and G.A. Irons, “The Plasma Production of Ferromolybdenum — Process Developments and Economics,” J. Metals, 33(1) (1981), pp. 42–46.
Lead-Zinc-Tin’ 80, edited by J.M. Cigan, T.S. Mackey and T.J. O’Keefe, AIME, New York, N.Y., 1979.
Complex Metallurgy’ 78, edited by M.J. Jones, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1978.
N.A. Warner, “Method of Recovering Non-Ferrous Metals from their Sulfide Ores,” U.S. Patent 4,334,918, June 15, 1982.
J.J. Dupont, “Nichols Engineering Societe Anonyme, Method for Treating a Mineral Sulfide,” U.S. Patent 4,226,617, October 7, 1980.
H. Tuovinen, and P. Setala, “Removal of Harmful Impurities from Iron, Copper, Nickel, and Cobalt Concentrates and Ores,” paper presented at the 111th AIME Annual Meeting, Dallas, Texas, February 14–18, 1982, TMS-AIME Paper No. A82-4.
R.L. Player, “Removal of Impurities from Copper Matte by Vacuum Treatment,” in Proceedings of Sixth International Vacuum Metallurgy Conference — International Conference on Special Melting, edited by G.K. Bhat and R. Schlatter, American Vacuum Society, 1979, pp. 214–224.
P.M.J. Gray, “A Cost Basis for Development of Primary Copper Production Processes,” in Advances in Extractive Metallurgy 1977, edited by M.J. Jones, The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1977, pp. 147–151.
T. Rosenqvist, “Phase Equilibria in the Pyrometallurgy of Sulfide Ores,” Met. Trans., 9B (1978), pp. 337–351.
F. Habashi and R. Dugdale, “The Reduction of Sulfide Minerals by Hydrogen in the Presence of Lime,” Met. Trans., 4 (1973), pp. 1865–1871.
R.W. Bartlett and H.H. Haung, “The Lime-Concentrate-Pellet Roast Process for Treating Copper Sulfide Concentrates,” J. Metals, 25(1) (1973), pp. 28–34.
Additional information
Editor’s Note: This paper is an abridged version of “New and Emerging Technologies is Sulfide Smelting,” by P.J. Mackey and P. Tarassoff in Advances in Sulphide Smelting, edited by H.Y. Sohn, D.B. George, and A.D. Zunkel. The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale, Pennsylvania. Copyright 1983.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mackey, P.J., Tarassoff, P. Advances in Pyrometallurgy — 1983. JOM 36, 21–27 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338557
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03338557