Skip to main content
Log in

Abstract

The authors offer three interpretations of onychophagia, a widespread but largely unstudied phenomenon. The first is phenomenological, and characterises onychophagia as a non-pathological behavioural symptom present in many pathologies and a distinct syndrome that is sometimes quite severe. The second is clinical, and indicates the convergent and divergent connections between onychophagia and the most frequent eating disorders. The third is psychodynamic, and suggests an interpretative hypothesis of onychophagia itself and the frequent sensation of trouble and refusal that it often provokes even in doctors and psychotherapists.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Muller C.: Lessico di psichiatria, Padova, Piccin, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Testoni I.: Mistica dell’anoressia femminile tra Medioevo e Novecento. La rappresentazione della fame in Caterina Benincasa e Simone Weil. Il sogno della farfalla X, 2, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cavaggioni G.: Vorace è colui che divora. Cibus, 2, 124, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Schulze U., Pettke R., Kreienkamo M., Hamm H., Brocker E., Wewetzer C., Trott G., Warnke A.: Dermatologic findings in anorexia and bulimia nervosa of childhood and adolescence. Pediatr. Dermatol., 16, 90, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Ballinger B.R.: The prevalence of nailbiting in normal and abnormal populations. Br. J. Psychiatry, 117, 445, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Battacchi M. W.: Trattato enciclopedico di psicologia dell’età evolutiva, vol. II, Padova, Piccin, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pennington L.A.: The incidence of nailbiting among adults. Am. J. Psychiatry, 102, 2451, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wells H.J., Haines J., Williams C.: Severe morbid onychophagia: the classification as self-mutilation and a proposed model of maintenance. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry, 32, 534, 1997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wells J.H., Haines J., Williams C., Braian K.L.: The self-mutilativenature of severe onychophagia: a comparison with self-cutting. Can. J. Psychiatry, 44, 40, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fagioli M.: Istinto di morte e conoscenza. Roma, Nuove Edizioni Romane, ed. 9, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lalli N.: Manuale di psichiatria e psicoterapia. Napoli, Liguori Editore, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Williams J.F., Friedman I.M., Steiner H.: Hand lesions characteristic of bulimia. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 140, 28, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gupta M.A., Gupta A.K., Habermann H.F. Dermatologic signs in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Arch. Dermatol., 123, 1386, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Favaro A., Santonastaso P.: Different types of self-injurious behavior in bulimia nervosa. Compr. Psychiatry, 40, 57, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Favaro A., Santonastaso P.: Self-injurious behavior in anorexia nervosa. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 188, 537, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Favaro A., Santonastaso P.: Impulsive and compulsive self-injurious behavior in bulimia nervosa: prevalence and psychological correlates. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 186, 157, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Giberti F., Rossi M.: Manuale di psichiatria. Milano, F. Vallardi, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Leung A.K., Robson W.L.: Nailbiting. Clin. Pediatr., 29, 690, 1990.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Massler M., Malone A.J.: Nailbiting. A review. J. Pediatr., 36, 523, 1950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. AA.VV., DSM IV-Manuale diagnostico e statistico dei disturbi mentali. Milano, Masson, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bienvenu O.J., Samuels J.F., Riddle M.A., Hoehn-Saric R., Liang K.J., Cullen B.A.M., Grados M.A., Nestadt G.: The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol. Psychiatr., 48, 287, 2000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. De Luca R.V., Holborn S.W.: A comparison of relaxation training and competing response training to eliminate hair pulling and nail biting. J. Behav. Exp. Psychiatry, 15, 67, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Foster L.G.: Nervous habit and stereotyped behaviours in preschool children. J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry, 37, 711, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Goldsmith T., Shapira N.A., Phillips K.A., McElroy S.L.: Conceptual foundations of obsessive- compulsive spectrum disorders, in obsessivecompulsive disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. New York, Swinson and Richard, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Leonard H.L., Lenane M.C., Swedo S.E., Rettew D.C., Repoport J.L.: A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine treatment of severe onychophagia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 48, 821, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Maggini C., Ampollini P., Gariboldi S., Cella P., Pelizza L., Marchesi C.: The Parma High School Epidemiological Survey: obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 103, 441, 2001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Morley D.S.: Psychophysiological reactivity to stress in nail biting. Int. J. Neurosci., 103, 139, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Vogel W., Stein D.J.: Citalopram for head banging. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 39, 544, 2000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Woods D.W., Murray L.K., Fuqua R.W., Seif TA., Boyer L.J., Siah A.: Comparing the effectiveness of similar and dissimilar competing responses in evaluating the habit reversal treatment for oral digital habits in children. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 30, 289, 1999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zajecka J.M.: Growing awareness: obsessivecompulsive disorder. Prim. Care Psychiatr., 3, 69, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Allen K.W.: Chronic nailbiting: a controlled comparison of competing response and mild aversion treatments. Behav. Res. Ther., 34, 269, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Azrin N.H., Nunn R.G., Franz S.E.: Habit reversal vs. negative practice treatment of nailbiting. Behav. Res. Ther., 18, 281, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bornstein P.H., Rychtarik R.G., McFall M.E.: Hypnobehavioral treatment of chronic nailbiting: a multiple baseline analysis, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn., 28, 208, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Davidson A.M., Denney D.R., Elliott C.H.: Suppression and substitution in the treatment of nailbiting. Behav. Res. Ther., 18, 1, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Frankel M.J., Merbaum M.: Effects of therapist contact and a self-control manual on nailbiting reduction. Behav. Ther., 13, 125, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Gilleard F., Eskin M., Savasir B.: Nailbiting and oral aggression in a Turkish student population. Br. J. Med. Psychol., 61(pt2), 197, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hirsch M.: Syndromes related to factitious diseases. Psychother. Psychosom., 62, 63, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Horne D.J., Wilkinson J.: Habit reversal treatment for fingernail biting. Behav. Res. Ther., 18, 287, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Joubert C.E.: Relationship of self-esteem, manifest anxiety, and obsessive-compulsiveness to personal habits. Psychol. Rep., 73, 579, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Silbert K.P., Haynes C.E.: Treating nailbiting: a comparative analysis of mild aversion and competing response therapies. Behav. Res. Ther., 30, 15, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Spevak P.A., Richards C.S.: Enhancing the durability of treatment effects: maintenance strategies in the treatment of nail-biting. Cognitive Ther. Res., 4, 251, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Dimino E., Camisa C.: Trichotillomania associated with the “Friar Tuck sing” and nail biting. Cutis, 47, 107, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hediger C., Rost B., Itin P.: Cutaneous manifestations in anorexia nervosa. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr., 130, 565, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mayerhausen W., Voget H.J., Fichter M.M., Stahl S.: Dermatologic aspects of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Hautarzt, 41, 476, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Rodrigues Torres A., Inaty Smaira S., Tiosso A.M.: Obsessive-compulsive disorders and clinically correlated dermatoses. An. Bras. Dermatologia, 70, 239, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Scott M.J., Scott III M.J.: “Wolf biter”. Cutis, 59, 19, 1997.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Singer P., Gibson G.H.: Unilateral onychodystrophy secondary to nail biting. Cutis, 42, 191, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Stein D.J., Hollander E.: Dermatology and conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 26, 237, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Koo J.Y.M., Smith L.L.: Obsessive-compulsive disorders in the pediatric dermatology practice. Pediatr. Dermatol., 8, 107, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Peterson A., Campise R.L., Azrin N.H.: Behavioral and pharmacological treatments for tic and habit disorders: a review. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr., 15, 430, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Arone Di Bartolino R., Nanni G.: The treatment of onychophagia. Minerva Med., 71, 1269, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Black D.W.: Obsessive-compulsive disorder: recognition and clinical management. Intern. Med., 18, 39, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Heaton K.W., Mountford R.A.: Nail biting in the population and its relationship to irritable bowel syndrome. J. R. Soc. Med., 85, 457, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kleinrok M., Mielnik-Hus J., Zysko-Worniak D., Szkutnik J., Kaczmarek A., Doraczynska F., Pyc K.: Investigations on prevalence and treatment of fingernail biting. Cranio, 8, 47, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bonaparte M.: Psicoanalisi e antropologia. Bologna, Guaraldi Editore, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Ferenczi S.: Fondamenti di psicoanalisi. vol. I, Firenze, Guaraldi Editore, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Billing A.L.: Fingernail biting: its incipiency, incidence, and amelioration. Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 24, 123, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schneider P.E., Peterson J.: Oral habits: considerations in management. Pediatr. Clin. North Am., 29, 523, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Walker B.A., Ziskind E.: Relationship of nailbiting to sociopathy: brief communication. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 164, 64, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. De Ajuraguerra J.: Manuale di psichiatria del bambino. Milano, Masson, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Costantino L.: Dal concetto di immagine corporea all’immagine interna. Il sogno della farfalla, III, 1, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. Cavaggioni.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cavaggioni, G., Romano, F. Psychodynamics of onychophagists. Eat Weight Disord 8, 62–67 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324990

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324990

Key words

Navigation