Abstract
The study was based on an epidemiological model in which performing activities of daily living (ADL) was the dependent variable. Variation in performing was explained by physical and mental health, and by physical performance. The population consisted of all 80-year-old residents (N=291) of the city of Jyväskylä in central Finland; 90% of them agreed to take part in the interviews at home, while 72% took part in the laboratory examinations to determine health status and functional capacity. Difficulties in at least some PADL (Physical Activities of Daily Living) tasks were reported by 86.5% of the men, and 87.2% of the women; none said they could perform all IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) tasks without difficulty. Physical performance (grip strength and stair mounting test in men, and stair mounting test, balance, and upper extremity function test in women) and visual acuity showed a significant association with ADL performance both in men and in women. In addition, depressive symptoms in women, and cognitive capacity in men were associated with both PADL and IADL, and ADL performance, respectively. In the search for pathways to reduced ADL performance, it is important to look not only at chronic diseases but also at the aging processes as well as the disabilities caused by inactivity. Tests of cognitive capacity, psychological well-being and physical performance provide valuable information on the factors that underlie the aged individual’s reduced functional capacity. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 6: 433-443, 1994)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Heikkinen E.: Health and functional capacity. In: Heikkinen E., Waters W.E., Brzeziński Z.J. (Eds.), The elderly in eleven countries. World Health Organization, Public Health in Europe, Copenhagen, 1983, pp. 37–57.
Laukkanen P., Kauppinen M., Era P., Heikkinen E.: Factors related to coping with physical and instrumental activities of daily living among people born in 1904–1923. Int. J. Ger. Psych. 8: 287–296, 1993.
Jylhä M., Jokela J., Tolvanen E., Heikkinen E., Heikkinen R-L., Koskinen S., Leskinen E., Lyyra A-L., Pohjolainen P.: The Tampere Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Scand. J. Soc. Med. Suppl. 47, 1992.
Heikkinen E., Era P., Jokela J., Jylhä M., Lyyra A-L., Pohjolainen P.: Socioeconomic and life-style factors as modulators of health and functional capacity with age. In: Schroots J.J.F. (Ed.), Aging, health and competence. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., The Netherlands, 1993, pp. 65–86.
Fillenbaum G.G.: Screening the elderly: a brief instrumental activities of daily living measure. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 33: 698–706, 1985.
Guralnik J.M., Branch L.G., Cummings S.R., Curb J.D.: Physical performance measures in aging research. J. Gerontol. 44: M141–146, 1989.
Katz S., Ford A.B., Moskowitz R.W., Jackson B.A., Jaffe M.E., Cleveland M.D.: Studies of illness in the aged. The index of ADL: a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA 185: 914–919, 1963.
Lawton M.P., Brody E.M.: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 9: 179–186, 1969.
Goldsmith G., Brodwick M.A.: Assessing the functional status of older patients with chronic illness. Family Medicine 21: 38–41, 1989.
Dickinson E.J., Young A.: Framework for medical assessment of functional performance. Lancet 335: 778–779, 1990.
Williams M.: Why screen for functional ability in elderly persons? Ann. Intern. Med. 112: 639–640, 1990.
Lawton M.P.: Aging and performance of home tasks. Human Factors 32: 527–536, 1990.
Tinetti M.E., Cinter S.F.: Identifying mobility dysfunctions in elderly patients. JAMA 8: 1190–1193, 1988.
Lawton M.P., Moss M., Fulcomer M., Kleban M.H.: A research and service oriented multilevel assessment instrument. J. Gerontol. 37: 91–99, 1982.
Fillenbaum G.G., Smyer M.A.: The development, validity and reliability of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire. J. Gerontol. 36: 428–434, 1981.
Crooks V., Waller S., Smith T., Hahn T.J.: The use of the Karnofsky Performance Scale in determining outcomes and risk in geriatric outpatients. J. Gerontol. 46: 139–144, 1991.
Parker M.G., Thorslund M., Nordström M-L: Predictors of mortality for the oldest old. A 4-year follow-up of community-based elderly in Sweden. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 14: 227–237, 1992.
Schultz-Larsen K., Avlund K., Kreiner S.: Functional ability of community dwelling elderly. Criterion-related validity of a new measure of functional ability. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 45: 1315–1326, 1992.
Radioff L.S.: The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psychol. Measurement 1: 385–401, 1977.
Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J.: An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4: 561–571, 1961.
Beck A.T., Steer R.A., Garbin M.G.: Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 8: 77–100, 1988.
Zung W.W.K.: A self-rating depression scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 12: 63–70, 1965.
Rabkin J.G., Klein D.F.: The clinical measurement of depressive disorders. In: Marsella A.J., Hirschfeld R.M.A., Katz M.M. (Eds.), The measurement of depression. Wiley, Chichester, 1987, pp. 31–83.
Era P., Jokela J., Heikkinen E.: Reaction and movement times in men of different ages: a population study. Percept. Mot. Skills 63: 111–130, 1986.
Era P., Heikkinen E.: Postural sway during standing and unexpected disturbance of balance in random samples of men of different ages. J. Gerontol. 40: 287–295, 1985.
American College of Sports Medicine: Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, ed. 3. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1985.
Heikkinen E., Arajärvi R-L., Era P., Jylhä M., Kinnunen V., Leskinen A-L., Leskinen E., Mässeli E., Pohjolainen P., Rahkila P., Suominen H., Turpeinen P., Vaisänen M., Österback L.: Functional capacity of men born in 1906-10, 1926-30 and 1946-50. A basic report. Scand. J. Soc. Med. (Suppl. 3): 1-93, 1984.
Viitasalo J.T., Era P., Leskinen A.L., Heikkinen E.: Muscular strength profiles and anthropometry in random samples of men aged 31–35, 51–55 and 71–75 years. Ergonomics 28: 1563–1574, 1985.
Erkinjuntti T., Laaksonen R., Sulkava R., Syrjäläinen R., Palo P.: Neuropsychological differentiation between normal aging, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol. Scand. 74: 393–403, 1986.
Luria A.R.: The working brain. An introduction to neuropsychology. Penguin Books, London, 1973.
Luria A.R.: Higher cortical functions in man, ed. 2 revised. Basic Books, New York, 1980.
Wechsler D.: Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Psychological Corporation, New York, 1955.
Jöreskog K.G., Sörbom D.: LISREL 6, analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood, instrumental variables and least squares methods. University of Uppsala, Department of Statistics, Uppsala 1986.
Kivelä S-L., Pahkala K., Laippala P.: Prevalence of depression in an elderly population in Finland. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 78: 401–413, 1988.
Valkonen T.: Inequality in the face of death. European Population Conference 1987, Plenaries. Helsinki, 1987.
Israel L.: Means of prevention of mental disability in the elderly. Report of memory stimulation. Preventing disability in the elderly. Report on a WHO working group, Cologne, 16–19 November 1981, WHO, Copenhagen, 1982.
Andrews K.: Rehabilitation of the older adult. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd, London, 1987.
Kivelä S-L., Pahkala K.: The prognosis of depression in old age. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2: 119–133, 1989.
Cole M.G.: The prognosis of depression in the elderly. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 7: 633–639, 1990.
Ratarone M.A., Marks E.C., Ryan N.D., Meredith C.N., Lipsitz L.A., Evans W.J.: High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. JAMA 163: 3029–3034, 1990.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laukkanen, P., Era, P., Heikkinen, R.L. et al. Factors related to carrying out everyday activities among elderly people aged 80. Aging Clin Exp Res 6, 433–443 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324275
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324275