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Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners

A Systematic Review

Sports Medicine volume 42, pages 969–992 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The popularity of running is still growing and, as participation increases, the incidence of running-related injuries will also rise. Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is the most common injury of the lateral side of the knee in runners, with an incidence estimated to be between 5% and 14%. In order to facilitate the evidence-based management of ITBS in runners, more needs to be learned about the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of this injury.

Objective

This article provides a systematic review of the literature on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of ITBS in runners.

Search strategy

The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and reference lists were searched for relevant articles.

Selection criteria

Systematic reviews, clinical trials or observational studies involving adult runners (>18 years) that focused on the aetiology, diagnosis and/or treatment of ITBS were included and articles not written in English, French, German or Dutch were excluded.

Data collection and analysis

Two reviewers independently screened search results, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. The sum of all positive ratings divided by the maximum score was the percentage quality score (QS). Only studies with a QS higher than 60% were included in the analysis. The following data were extracted: study design; number and characteristics of participants; diagnostic criteria for ITBS; exposure/treatment characteristics; analyses/outcome variables of the study; and setting and theoretical perspective on ITBS.

Main results

The studies of the aetiology of ITBS in runners provide limited or conflicting evidence and it is not clear whether hip abductor weakness has a major role in ITBS. The kinetics and kinematics of the hip, knee and/or ankle/foot appear to be considerably different in runners with ITBS to those without. The biomechanical studies involved small samples, and data seem to have been influenced by sex, height and weight of participants. Although most studies monitored the management of ITBS using clinical tests, these tests have not been validated for this patient group. While the articles were inconsistent regarding the treatment of ITBS, hip/knee coordination and running style appear to be key factors in the treatment of ITBS. Runners might also benefit from mobilization, exercises to strengthen the hip, and advice about running shoes and running surface.

Conclusion

The methodological quality of research into the management of ITBS in runners is poor and the results are highly conflicting. Therefore, the study designs should be improved to prevent selection bias and to increase the generalizability of findings.

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Acknowledgements

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review. The authors would like to acknowledge the following persons who made substantial contributions: Petra Habets, Amsterdam Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and co-workers at the library of the Department of Physical Therapy, Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, the Netherlands.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Therapy, Academic Institute Hogeschool Utrecht, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Maarten P. van der Worp MSc., Nick van der Horst & Anton de Wijer

  2. Department of Oral Function, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Anton de Wijer

  3. Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Rehabilitation, Nursing Science and Sport, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Frank J. G. Backx

  4. Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Maria W. G. Nijhuis-van der Sanden

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Correspondence to Maarten P. van der Worp MSc..

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van der Worp, M.P., van der Horst, N., de Wijer, A. et al. Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Runners. Sports Med 42, 969–992 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262306

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