Summary
Interferons are part of the body’s natural defence system. They have been shown in vitro and in vivo to possess antiviral, antitumour and immunoregulatory properties. There are two types of interferon, type I and type II. Type I interferons comprise interferon-α (IFNα) and interferon-β (IFNβ). Type II interferon is comprised solely of interferon-γ (IFNγ). Each type has distinctive genetic derivation, primary producing cells, and properties. IFNα is the most widely used interferon, and is produced commercially both by recombinant DNA technology and from stimulated leucocyte and lymphoblastoid cells. IFNβ is also available as a recombinant product and as a naturally produced product from human fibroblasts. IFNγ is available as a recombinant product. The different types of interferons cannot be used interchangeably to obtain the same results. For instance, IFNγ has been shown to aggravate multiple sclerosis, whereas IFNγ has a significant ameliorating effect.
This article reviews the therapeutic use of interferons in: (a) viral infections, including condylomata acuminata, viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection; (b) neoplastic disorders, including hairy cell leukaemia, multiple myeloma, AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, cervical neoplasia, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, carcinoid tumours, cutaneous T cell lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; (c) myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myelogenous leukaemia and polycythaemia vera; (d) rheumatoid disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis; (e) other disorders, including multiple sclerosis, chronic granulomatous disease and cryoglobulinaemia. Many other diseases could have been included, but those mentioned have received the greatest amount of investigation and attention. The potential adverse effects of interferons are also discussed.
There is little doubt that the full therapeutic role of interferons has yet to be fully realised, either as single agents or in combination with other cytokines or drugs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Isaacs A, Lindenmann J. Virus interference: I. The interferon. Proc R Soc Lond Biol 1957; 147: 258–67
Henco K, Brosius FJ, Fujisawa A, et al. Structural relationship of human interferon alpha genes and pseudogenes. J Mol Biol 1985; 185: 227–60
Shows TB, Sakaguchi AY, Naylor SL, et al. Clustering of leucocyte and fibroblast interferon genes on human chromosome 9. Science 1982; 218: 373–4
Slate DL, D’Eustachio P, Pravtcheva D, et al. Chromosomal location of a human alpha interferon gene family. J Exp Med 1982; 155: 1019–24
Zoon KC, Bekisz J, Miller D. Human interferon alpha family: protein structure and function. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 95–105
Wills RJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of interferons. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990; 19: 390–9
Mariano TM, Donnelly RJ, Soh J, et al. Structure and function of the type I interferon receptor. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 129–38
Langer JA, Pestka S. Interferon receptors. Immunol Today 1988; 9: 393–400
Blalock JE, Baron S. The transfer of interferon-induced viral resistance between animal cells. In: Baron S, editor. Texas reports on biology and medicine. The interferon system: a current review to 1978. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978: 307–15
Baron S, Coppenhaver D, Dianzani F, et al. Introduction to the interferon system. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al. eds. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 1–16
Hardy KJ, Young HA. IFNγ, gene structure and regulation. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 47–64
Arany I, Rady P, Tyring SK. Interferon treatment enhances the expression of underphosphorylated (biologically-active) retinoblastoma protein in human papilloma virus-infected cells through the inhibitory TGFβl/IFNβ cytokine pathway. Antiviral Res 1994; 23: 131–41
De Maeyer E, De Maeyer-Guignard J. Interferons and other regulatory cytokines. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1988
Dianzani F, Baron S. Nonspecific Defenses. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991: 663–72
Samuel CE. Antiviral actions of interferon: interferon-regulated cellular proteins and their surprisingly selective antiviral activities. Virology 1991; 183: 1–11
Arnheiter H, Meier E. Mx proteins: antiviral proteins by chance or by necessity? New Biol 1990; 2: 851–7
Horisberger MA. Mx protein: function and mechanism of action. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 215–24
Samuel CE. Progress toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of interferon action. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987; 246: 209–20
Pestka S, Langer JA, Zoon KC, et al. Interferons and their actions. Annu Rev Biochem 1987; 56: 727–77
Greenberg SB. Human interferon in viral diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1: 383–423
Jacobsen H. Interferons and antiviral activity. Arzneimittelforschung 1986; 36: 512–6
Samuel CE. Mechanisms of the antiviral action of interferons. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1988; 35: 27–72
Rubinstein M, Orchansky P. The interferon receptors. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 1986; 21: 249–75
Wells V, Mallucci L. Expression of the 2–5A system during the cell cycle. Exp Cell Res 1985; 159: 27–36
Contente S, Kenyon K, Rimoldi D, et al. Expression of gene drug is associated with reversion of IIIH 3T3 transformed by LTR-c-H-ras. Science 1990; 249: 796–8
Sekar V, Atmar VJ, Joshi AR, et al. Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in human fibroblast cells by type I and type II interferons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 114: 950–4
Yasui H, Takai K, Yoshida R, et al. Interferon enhances tryptophan metabolism by inducing pulmonary indolamine 2,3dioxygenase: its possible occurrence in cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 6622–6
Fleischmann Jr WR, Newton RC, Fleischmann CM, et al. Discrimination between nonmalignant and malignant cells by combinations of IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha/beta. J Biol Response Mod 1984; 3: 397–405
Houghton AN, Thomson TM, Gross D, et al. Surface antigens of melanoma and melanocytes. Specificity of induction of la antigens by human gamma-interferon. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 255–69
Schwartz R, Momburg F, Moldenhauer G, et al. Induction of HLA class-11 antigen expression on human carcinoma cell lines by IFN-gamma. Int J Cancer 1985; 35: 245–50
Takiguchi M, Ting JP, Buessow SC, et al. Response of glioma cells to interferon-gamma: increase in class II RNA, protein and mixed lymphocyte reaction-stimulating ability. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15: 809–14
Giacomini P, Fraioli R, Nistico P, et al. Modulation of the antigenic phenotype of early-passage human melanoma cells derived from multiple autologous metastases by recombinant human leukocyte, fibroblast and immune interferon. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 539–45
Aggarwal BB, Eessalu TE, Hass PE. Characterization of receptors for human tumour necrosis factor and their regulation by gamma-interferon. Nature 1985; 318: 665–7
Braun W, Levy HB. Interferon preparations as modifiers of immune responses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 141: 769–73
Nakamura M, Manser T, Pearson GD, et al. Effect of IFN-gamma on the immune response in vivo and on gene expression in vitro. Nature 1984; 307: 381–2
Snapper CM, Paul WE. Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 1987; 236: 944–7
Nathan CF, Murray HW, Wiebe ME, et al. Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. J Exp Med 1983; 158: 670–89
Weigent DA, Stanton GJ, Johnson HM. Recombinant gamma interferon enhances natural killer cell activity similar to natural gamma interferon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 111: 525–9
Weigent DA, Langford MP, Fleischmann Jr WR, et al. Potentiation of lymphocyte natural killing by mixtures of alpha or beta interferon with recombinant gamma interferon. Infect Immun 1983; 40: 35–8
Chen LK, Tourvieille B, Burns GF, et al. Interferon: a cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation signal. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16: 767–70
Hess CB, Niesel DW, Klimpel GR. The induction of interferon production in fibroblasts by invasive bacteria: a comparison of Salmonella and Shigella species. Microb Pathog 1989; 7: 111–20
Black CM, Remington JS, McCabe RE. Toxoplasma. In: Byrne Gl, Turco J, editors. Interferon and nonviral pathogens. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1988: 53–72
Byrne GI. Interferons, immunity and Chlamydiae. In: Byrne GI, Turco J, editors. Interferon and nonviral pathogens. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1988: 53–72
Degre M, Bukholm G. Interferon effects on infection with enteroinvasive bacteria. In: Byrne GI, Turco J, editors. Interferon and nonviral pathogens. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1988: 295–310
Niesel DW, Hess CB, Cho YJ, et al. Natural and recombinant IFN inhibit tissue culture cell invasion by Salmonella and Shigella. Infect Immun 1986; 52: 828–33
Bornemann LD, Spiegel HE, Dziewanowska ZE, et al. Intravenous and intramuscular pharmacokinetics of recombinant leukocyte A interferon. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 28: 469–71
Kurzrock R, Quesada JR, Rosenblum MG, et al. Phase I study of IV administered recombinant gamma interferon in cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rep 1986; 70: 1357–68
Billau A, De Somers P, Edy VG, et al. Human fibroblast interferon for clinical trials: pharmacokinetics and tolerability in experimental animals and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979; 16: 56–63
Goldstein D, Sielaff KM, Storer BE, et al. Human biologic response modification by interferon in the absence of measurable serum concentrations: a comparative trial of subcutaneous and intravenous interferon-beta serine. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1061–8
Bino T, Edery H, Gertler A, et al. Involvement of the kidney in catabolism of human leukocyte interferon. J Gen Virol 1982; 59: 39–45
Bino T, Madar Z, Gertler A, et al. The kidney is the main site of interferon degradation. J Interferon Res 1982; 2: 301–8
Bocci V, Di Francesco P, Pacini A, et al. Renal metabolism of homologous serum interferon. Antiviral Res 1983; 3: 53–8
Bocci V, Pacini A, Bandinelli L, et al. The role of liver in the catabolism of human alpha- and beta-interferon. J Gen Virol 1982; 60: 397–400
Bocci V, Pacini A, Pessina GP, et al. Catabolic sites of human interferon-gamma. J Gen Virol 1985; 66: 887–91
Bocci V. Pharmacokinetics of interferons and routes of administration. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 433–62
Bocci V. Distribution, catabolism and pharmacokinetics of interferons. In: Finter NB, Oldham RK, editors. Interferon: in vivo and clinical studies. New York: Elsevier, 1985: 47–72
Bocci V. Metabolism of protein anticancer agents. Pharmacol Ther 1987; 34: 1–49
Kurzrock R, Rosenblum MG, Sherwin SA, et al. Pharmacokinetics, single-dose tolerance, and biological activity of recombinant gamma-interferon in cancer patients. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 2866–72
Borden EC, Hawkins MJ, Sielaff KM, et al. Clinical and biological effects of recombinant interferon-beta administered intravenously daily in phase I trial [published erratum appears in J Interferon Res 1988; 8(5): 704]. J Interferon Res 1988; 8: 357–66
Finter NB, Chapman S, Dowd P, et al. The use of interferon-α in virus infections. Drugs 1991; 42: 749–65
von Gabain A, Lundgren E, Ohlsson M, et al. Three human interferon-alpha 2 subvariants disclose structural and functional differences. Eur J Biochem 1990; 190: 257–61
Browder JF, Araujo OE, Myer NA, et al. The interferons and their use in condyloma acuminata. Ann Pharmacother 1992; 26: 42–5
Turek LP, Byrne JC, Lowy DR, et al. Interferon induces mor-phologic reversion with elimination of extrachromosomal viral genomes in bovine papillomavirus-transformed mouse cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 7914–8
Kraus SJ, Stone KM. Management of genital infection caused by human papillomavirus. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 Suppl. 16: S620–32
Macnab JC, Walkinshaw SA, Cordiner JW, et al. Human papillomavirus in clinically and histologically normal tissue of patients with genital cancer. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1052–8
Reichman RC, Micha JP, Weck PK, et al. Interferon alpha-n1 (Wellferon) for refractory genital warts: efficacy and tolerance of low dose systemic therapy. Antiviral Res 1988; 10: 41–57
Piccoli R, Santoro MG, Nappi C, et al. Vulvo-vaginal condylomatosis and relapse: combined treatment with electro-cauterization and beta-interferon. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1989; 16: 30–5
Yliskoski M, Syrjanen K, Syrjanen S, et al. Systemic alpha-interferon (Wellferon) treatment of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6, 11, 16, and 18 infections: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gynecol Oncol 1991; 43: 55–60
Gross G, Ikenberg H, Roussaki A, et al. Systemic treatment of condylomata acuminata with recombinant interferon-alpha2a: low-dose superior to the high-dose regimen. Chemotherapy 1986; 32: 537–41
Benedetti Panici P, Scambia G, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing systemic interferon with diathermocoagulation in primary multiple and widespread anogenital condyloma. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 393–7
Paavonen J. Subcutaneous interferon alpha in the treatment of refractory condylomata. Sex Transm Dis 1990; 17: 152–3
Condylomata International Collaborative Study Group. Recurrent condylomata acuminata treated with recombinant interferon alfa-2a. A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. JAMA 1991; 265: 2684–7
Ikic D, Bosnic N, Smerdel S, et al. Double blind clinical study with human leukocyte interferon in the therapy of condylomata acuminata. In: Ikic D, editor. Proceedings of symposium on clinical use of interferon. Zagreb: Yugoslavian Academy of Science and Art, 1975: 229–33
Vesterinen E, Meyer B, Cantell K, et al. Topical treatment of flat vaginal condyloma with human leukocyte interferon. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 64: 535–8
Vesterinen E, Meyer B, Purola E, et al. Treatment of vaginal flat condyloma with interferon cream [letter]. Lancet 1984; 1: 157
Schneider A, Papendiek U, Gissmann L, et al. Interferon treatment of human genital papillomavirus infection: importance of viral type. Int J Cancer 1987; 40: 610–4
Keay S, Teng N, Eisenberg M, et al. Topical interferon for treating condyloma acuminata in women. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 934–9
Friedman Kien AE, Eron LJ, Conant M, et al. Natural interferon alfa for treatment of condylomata acuminata. JAMA 1988; 259: 533–8
Olsen EA, Kelly FF, Vollmer RT, et al. Comparative study of systemic interferon alfa-nl and isotretinoin in the treatment of resistant condylomata acuminata. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 1023–30
Eron LJ, Judson F, Tucker S, et al. Interferon therapy for condylomata acuminata. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1059–64
Reichman RC, Oakes D, Bonnez W, et al. Treatment of condyloma acuminatum with three different interferon-alpha preparations administered parenterally: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 1270–6
Welander CE, Homesley HD, Smiles KA, et al. Intralesional interferon alfa-2b for the treatment of genital warts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 348–54
Gall SA, Hughes CE, Trofatter K. Interferon for the therapy of condyloma acuminatum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 157–63
Olsen EA, Trofatter KF, Gall SA, et al. Human lymphoblastoid alpha-interferon in the treatment of refractory condyloma acuminata. Clin Res 1985; 33: 673A
Condylomata International Collaborative Study Group. A comparison of interferon alfa-2a and podophyllin in the treatment of primary condylomata acuminata. Genitourin Med 1991; 67: 394–9
Schonfeld A, Nitke S, Schattner A, et al. Intramuscular human interferon-beta injections in treatment of condylomata acuminata. Lancet 1984; 1: 1038–42
Kirby PK, Wells D, Kiviat N, et al. A phase I trial of intramuscular recombinant human gamma interferon for refractory genital warts. J Infect Dis 1986; 86: 485
Fierlbeck G, Rassner G. Treatment of condylomata acuminata with systemically administered recombinant gamma interferon [in German]. Z Hautkr 1987; 62: 1280–7
Gross G, Roussaki A, Brzoska J. Low doses of systemically administered recombinant interferon-gamma effective in the treatment of genital warts. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90: 242
Kirby PK, Kiviat N, Beckman A, et al. Tolerance and efficacy of recombinant human interferon gamma in the treatment of refractory genital warts. Am J Med 1988; 85: 183–8
Zouboulis CC, Stadler R, Ikenberg H, et al. Short-term systemic recombinant interferon-gamma treatment is ineffective in recalcitrant condylomata acuminata. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 302–3
Gall SA, Constantine L, Koukol D. Therapy of persistent human papillomavirus disease with two different interferon species. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 130–4
Reichel RP, Fik R, Neumann R, et al. Clinical study with recombinant interferon gamma versus interferon alpha-2c in patients with condylomata acuminata. Int J STD AIDS 1992; 3: 350–4
Handley JM, Horner T, Maw RD, et al. Subcutaneous interferon alpha 2a combined with cryotherapy vs cryotherapy alone in the treatment of primary anogenital warts: a randomised observer blind placebo controlled study. Genitourin Med 1991; 67: 297–302
Eron LJ, Alder MB, ORourke JM, et al. Recurrence of condylomata acuminata following cryotherapy is not prevented by systemically administered interferon. Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 91–3
Hopel RM, Sandbichler M, Zeiger BW, et al. Adjuvant treatment of recalcitrant genitoanal warts with systemic recombinant interferon-alpha-2c. Acta Derm Venereol 1992; 72: 383–6
Douglas Jr JM, Eron LJ, Judson FN, et al. A randomized trial of combination therapy with intralesional interferon alpha 2b and podophyllin versus podophyllin alone for the therapy of anogenital warts. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 52–9
Petersen CS, Bjerring P, Larsen J, et al. Systemic interferon alpha-2b increases the cure rate in laser treated patients with multiple persistent genital warts: a placebo-controlled study. Genitourin Med 1991; 67: 99–102
Reid R, Greenberg MD, Pizzuti DJ, et al. Superficial laser vulvectomy. V. Surgical debulking is enhanced by adjuvant systemic interferon. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 815–20
Condylomata International Collaborative Study Group. Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind combined therapy with laser surgery and systemic interferon-alpha 2a in the treatment of anogenital condylomata acuminatum. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 824–9
Ferenczy A. Comparison of 5-fluorouracil and CO2 laser for treatment of vaginal condylomata. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 64: 773–8
Baggish MS. Improved laser techniques for the elimination of genital and extragenital warts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 545–50
Bellina JH. The use of the carbon dioxide laser in the management of condyloma acuminatum with eight-year follow-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 147: 375–8
Ferenczy A. Treating genital condyloma during pregnancy with the carbon dioxide laser. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 148: 9–12
Kryger-Baggeson N, Larsen JF, Pedersen PH. CO2 laser treatment of condylomata acuminata. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 341–3
Jensen SL. Comparison of podophyllin application with simple surgical excision in clearance and recurrence of perianal condylomata acuminata. Lancet 1985; 2: 1146–8
Simmons PD, Langlet F, Thin RN. Cryotherapy versus electrocautery in the treatment of genital warts. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 273–4
Bekassy Z, Westrom L. Infrared coagulation in the treatment of condyloma acuminata in the female genital tract. Sex Transm Dis 1987; 14: 209–12
Ghosh AK. Cryosurgery of genital warts in cases in which podophyllin treatment failed or was contraindicated. Br J Vener Dis 1977; 53: 49–53
Bashi SA. Cryotherapy versus podophyllin in the treatment of genital warts. Int J Dermatol 1985; 24: 535–6
Simmons PD. Podophyllin 10% and 25% in the treatment of ano-genital warts. A comparative double-blind study. Br J Vener Dis 1981; 57: 208–9
Maiti H, Haye KR. Self-treatment of condylomata acuminata with podophyllin resin. Practitioner 1985; 229: 37–9
Stone KM, Becker TM, Hadgu A, et al. Treatment of external genital warts: a randomised clinical trial comparing podophyllin, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Genitourin Med 1990; 66: 16–9
Krebs HB. Treatment of genital condylomata with topical 5-fluorouracil. Dermatol Clin 1991; 9: 333–41
Ikic D, Orescanin M, Krusic J, et al. Preliminary study of the effect of human leukocyte interferon on condylomata acuminata in women. In: Ikic D, editor. Proceedings of symposium on clinical use of interferon. Zagreb: Yugoslavian Academy of Science and Art, 1975: 223–5
Olmos L, Vilata J, Rodr’iguez Pichardo A, et al. Double-blind, randomized clinical trial on the effect of interferon-beta in the treatment of condylomata acuminata. Int JSTD AIDS 1994; 5: 182–5
Reichman RC, Oakes D, Bonnez W, et al. Treatment of condyloma acuminatum with three different interferons administered intralesionally: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 675–9
Weck PK, Buddin DA, Whisnant JK. Interferons in the treatment of genital human papillomavirus infections. Am J Med 1988; 85: 159–64
Gibson JR, Harvey SG, Kemmett D, et al. Treatment of common and plantar viral warts with human lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha: pilot studies with intralesional, intramuscular and dermojet injections. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115 Suppl. 31: 76–9
Gibson JR. The treatment of viral warts with interferons. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988; 21: 391–3
Pueyo S, Criscuolo M, Davidovich C, et al. Treatment of recurrent common warts with one low dose of intralesional natural human leukocyte interferon alpha. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 1990; 4: 47–50
Berman B, Davis-Reed L, Siiverstein L, et al. Treatment of Verrucae vulgaris with alpha 2 interferon. J Infect Dis 1986; 154: 328–30
Androphy EJ, Dvoretzky I, Maluish AE, et al. Response of warts in epidermodysplasia verruciformis to treatment with systemic and intralesional alpha interferon. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11: 197–202
Hoofnagle JH. Interferon therapy of viral hepatitis. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 433–62
Reizis AR, Malinovskaia VV, Shekhade S, et al. Effectiveness of using recombinant interferon alfa2 (Reaferon) combined with antioxidants in children with acute hepatitis B. Pediatria 1992; 7: 60–4
De Groote J, Desmet VJ, Gedigk P, et al. A classification of chronic hepatitis. Lancet 1968; 2: 626–8
Weissberg Jl, Andres LL, Smith Cl, et al. Survival in chronic hepatitis B. An analysis of 379 patients. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 613–6
Scheuer PJ. Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment. J Hepatol 1991; 13: 372–4
Desmet VJ. Immunopathology of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatogastroenterology 1991; 38: 14–21
Scott GM, Tyrrell DAJ. Antiviral effects of interferon in man. In: Finter NB, Oldham RK, editors. Interferon: in vivo and clinical studies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985: 181–215
Hadziyannis SJ, Schiff ER. The management of chronic hepatitis B. Adelphi Mill: Adelphi Communications Ltd, 1992: 1–20
Alexander GJ, Brahm J, Fagan EA, et al. Loss of HBsAg with interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Lancet 1987; 2: 66–9
Brookmg MG, McDonald JA, Karayiannis P, et al. Randomised controlled trial of interferon alfa 2A (Roferon-A) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: factors that influence response. Gut 1989; 30: 1116–22
Hoofnagle JH, Peters M, Mullen KD, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of recombinant human alpha-interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 1318–25
Saracco G, Mazzella G, Rosina F, et al. A controlled trial of human lymphoblastoid interferon in chronic hepatitis B in Italy. Hepatology 1989; 10: 336–41
Perrillo RP, Schiff ER, Davis GL, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 295–301
Di Bisceglie AM, Fong TL, Fried MW, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of recombinant alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1887–92
Perez V, Findor J, Tanno H, et al. A controlled trial of high dose interferon, alone and after prednisone withdrawal, in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: long term follow up. Gut 1993; 34: S91–4
Thomas HG, Dusheiko GM, Lok ASF, et al. Comparative study of three doses of interferon alpha-2a in chronic active hepatitis B. In: Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS, editors. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1991: 641–2
Ruiz Moreno M, Rua MJ, Molina J, et al. Prospective, randomized controlled trial of interferon-alpha in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1991; 13: 1035–9
Scully LJ, Shein R, Karayiannis P, et al. Lymphoblastoid interferon therapy of chronic HBV infection. A comparison of 12 vs. 24 weeks of thrice weekly treatment. J Hepatol 1987; 5: 51–8
Kagawa T, Morizane T, Saito H, et al. A pilot study of long-term weekly interferon-beta administration for chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 212–6
Capalbo M, Actis C, Maurizia R, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with beta interferon given intramuscularly: a pilot study. Ital J Gastroenterol 1992; 24: 203–5
Dusheiko GM, Paterson AC, Pitcher L, et al. Recombinant leucocyte interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B. An analysis of two therapeutic trials. J Hepatol 1986; 3 Suppl. 2: S199–207
Andersonmg MG, Harrison TJ, Alexander G, et al. Randomised controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon for chronic active hepatitis B. Gut 1987; 28: 619–22
Korenman J, Baker B, Waggoner J, et al. Long-term remission of chronic hepatitis B after alpha-interferon therapy. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 629–34
Viola LA, Barrison IG, Coleman JC, et al. Natural history of liver disease in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Survey of 100 patients from Great Britain. Lancet 1981; 2: 1156–9
Dusheiko G, Hoofnagle JH. Hepatitis B. In: McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, et al., editors. Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991: 571–92
Brunetto MR, Giarin M, Saracco G, et al. Hepatitis B virus unable to secrete e antigen and response to interferon in chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 845–50
Carman WF, Jacyna MR, Hadziyannis S, et al. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 1989; 2: 588–91
Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Rocca G, et al. Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology 1989; 10: 198–202
Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM, Waggoner JG, et al. Interferon alfa for patients with clinically apparent cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1116–21
King R, Lau JY, Williams R. Problems in treating chronic HDV infection [letter]. J Hepatol 1992; 14: 407
Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alfa-2a. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 88–94
Sanchez-Tapias JM, Mas A, Costa J, et al. Recombinant alpha 2c-interferon therapy in fulminant viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 1987; 5: 205–10
Omata M, Yokosuka O, Takano S, et al. Resolution of acute hepatitis C after therapy with natural beta interferon. Lancet 1991; 338: 914–5
Alberti A, Chemello L, Benvegnu L, et al. Pilot study of interferon alpha-2a therapy in preventing chronic evolution of acute hepatitis C. In: Hollinger FB, Lemon SD, Margolis H, editors. Viral hepatitis and liver disease. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1991: 656–8
Viladomiu L, Genesca J, Esteban Jl, et al. Interferon-alpha in acute posttransfusion hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 1992; 15: 767–9
Colombo M, Lampertico P, Rumi M. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of recombinant interferon alfa-2b in patients with acute non-A, non-B/type C hepatitis after transfusion. Gut 1993; 34: S141
Di Bisceglie AM, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, et al. Long-term clinical and histopathological follow-up of chronic posttransfusion hepatitis. Hepatology 1991; 14: 969–74
Alter HJ. Descartes before the horse: I clone, therefore I am: the hepatitis C virus in current perspective. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 644–9
Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E, et al. Interrelationship of blood transfusion, non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1990; 12: 671–5
Hoofnagle JH, Mullen KD, Jones DB, et al. Treatment of chronic non-A,non-B hepatitis with recombinant human alpha interferon. A preliminary report. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1575–8
Realdi G, Diodati G, Bonetti P, et al. Recombinant human interferon alfa2α in community-acquired non-A, non-B chronic active hepatitis. Preliminary results of a randomized, controlled trial. J Hepatol 1990; 11 Suppl. 1: S68–71
Camps J, Castilla A, Ruiz J, et al. Randomised trial of lymphoblastoid alpha-interferon in chronic hepatitis C: effects on inflammation, fibrogenesis and viremia. J Hepatol 1993; 17: 390–6
Perez R, Pravia R, Linares A, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa-2b for nine months. Gut 1993; 34: S136–8
Terranova R, Luca S. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alpha 2b. J Chemother 1992; 4: 297–302
Cimino L, Nardone G, Citarella C, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 23: 399–402
Makris M, Preston FE, Triger DR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-alpha in chronic hepatitis C in hemophiliacs. Blood 1991; 78: 1672–7
Omata M, Ito Y, Yokosuka O, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of eight-week course of recombinant alpha-interferon for chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1217–22
Causse X, Godinot H, Chevallier M, et al. Comparison of 1 or 3 MU of interferon alfa-2b and placebo in patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 497–502
Weiland O, Schvarcz R, Wejstal R, et al. Therapy of chronic post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis with interferon alfa-2b: Swedish experience. J Hepatol 1990; 11 Suppl. 1: S57–62
Saracco G, Rosina F, Torrani Cerenzia MR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b as therapy for chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Hepatol 1990; 11 Suppl. 1: S43–9
Di Bisceglie AM, Martin P, Kassianides C, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human alpha-interferon therapy for chronic non-A, non-B (type C) hepatitis. J Hepatol 1990; 11 Suppl. 1: S36–42
Davis GL, Balart LA, Schiff ER, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant alpha-interferon: a multicentre randomized, controlled trial. The Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. J Hepatol 1990; 11 Suppl. 1: S31–5
Marcellin P, Boyer N, Giostra E, et al. Recombinant human alpha-interferon in patients with chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial from France. Hepatology 1991; 13: 393–7
Schvarcz R, Weiland O, Wejstal R, et al. A randomized controlled open study of interferon alpha-2b treatment of chronic non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: no correlation of outcome to presence of hepatitis C virus antibodies. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21: 617–25
Di Bisceglie AM, Martin P, Kassianides C, et al. Recombinant interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1506–10
Davis GL, Balart LA, Schiff ER, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1501–6
Weiland O, Schvarcz R, Wejstal R, et al. Interferon alpha-2b treatment of chronic posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: interim results of a randomized controlled open study. Scand J Infect Dis 1989; 21: 127–32
Jacyna MR, Brooks MG, Loke RH, et al. Randomised controlled trial of interferon alfa (lymphoblastoid interferon) in chronic non-A non-B hepatitis. BMJ 1989; 29B: 80–2
Shindo M, Di Bisceglie AM, Cheung L, et al. Decrease in serum hepatitis C viral RNA during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 700–4
Perez R, Pravia R, Linares A, et al. Response related factors in recombinant interferon alfa-2b treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Gut 1993; 34: S139–40
Farrell GC, Lin R, Coverdale S. Prediction of response to interferon in patients with chronic active hepatitis C, and evidence that this improves hepatic metabolic function. Gastroenterol Jpn 1991; 26 Suppl. 3: 243–6
Hartshorn KL, Neumeyer D, Vogt MW, et al. Activity of interferons alpha, beta, and gamma against human immunodeficiency virus replication in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1987; 3: 125–33
Kornbluth RS, Oh PS, Munis JR, et al. Interferons and bacterial lipopolysaccharide protect macrophages from productive infection by human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. J Exp Med 1989; 169: 1137–51
Crespi M. The effect of interferon on cells persistently infected with HIV. AIDS 1989; 3: 33–6
Yamada O, Hattori N, Kurimura T, et al. Inhibition of growth of HIV by human natural interferon in vitro. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1988; 4: 287–94
Ho DD, Hartshorn KL, Rota TR, et al. Recombinant human interferon alfa-A suppresses HTLV-III replication in vitro. Lancet 1985; 1: 602–4
Yamamoto JK, Barre-Sinoussi F, Bolton V, et al. Human alpha and beta-interferon but not gamma-suppress the in vitro replication of LAV, HTLV-III, and ARV-2. J Interferon Res 1986; 6: 143–52
Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S. AIDS therapies. Sci Am 1988; 259: 110–9
Poli G, Orenstein JM, Kinter A, et al. Interferon-alpha but not AZT suppresses HIV expression in chronically infected cell lines. Science 1989; 244: 575–7
Oettgen HF, Real FX, Krown SE. Treatment of AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma with recombinant alpha interferon. Immunobiology 1986; 172: 269–74
Vadhan-Raj S, Wong G, Gnecco C, et al. Immunological variables as predictors of prognosis in patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 417–25
Interferon Alpha Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human interferon alpha 2a in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988; 1: 111–8
Lane HC, Davey V, Kovacs JA, et al. Interferon-alpha in patients with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 805–11
Hulton MR, Levin DL, Freedman LS. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of low-dose oral interferon-alpha in HIV-1 antibody positive patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5: 1084–90
Koech DK, Obel AO. Efficacy of Kemron (low dose oral natural human interferon alpha) in the management of HIV-1 infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). East Afr Med J 1990; 67: SS64–70
Sperber SJ, Gocke DJ, Haberzettl CA, et al. Low-dose oral recombinant interferon-alpha A in patients with HIV-1 infection: a blinded pilot study. AIDS 1993; 7: 693–7
Kaiser G, Jaeger H, Birkmann J, et al. Low-dose oral natural human interferon-alpha in 29 patients with HIV-1 infection: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [published erratum appears in AIDS 1992 Sep; 6 (9): following 1051]. AIDS 1992; 6: 563–9
Weber R, Bonetti A, Jost J, et al. Low-dose zidovudine in combination with either acyclovir or lymphoblastoid interferonalpha in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients: a pilot study of recombinant alpha-2a interferon treatment in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC): clinical and immunological evaluation. Infect Allergol Immunopathol 1991; 19: 201–7
Davey Jr RT, Davey VJ, Metcalf JA, et al. A phase I/II trial of zidovudine, interferon-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 43–52
Kaplan LD, Abrams Dl, Sherwin SA, et al. A phase I/II study of recombinant tumor necrosis factor and recombinant interferon gamma in patients with AIDS-related complex. Biotechnol Ther 1989; 1: 229–36
Edlin BR, Weinstein RA, Whaling SM, et al. Zidovudine-interferon-alpha combination therapy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: biphasic response of p24 antigen and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 793–8
Platanias LC, Golomb HM. Clinical use of interferons: hairy cell, chronic myelogenous and other leukemias. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 487–99
Golomb HM, Fefer A, Golde DW, et al. Sequential evaluation of alpha-2b-interferon treatment in 128 patients with hairy cell leukemia. Semin Oncol 1987; 14: 13–7
Ratain MJ, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW, et al. Relapse after interferon alfa-2b therapy for hairy-cell leukemia: analysis of prognostic variables. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1714–21
Lauria F, Foa R, Raspadori D, et al. Treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia with alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN). Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988; 24: 195–200
Quesada JR, Hersh EM, Manning J, et al. Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant alpha-interferon. Blood 1986; 68: 493–7
Golomb HM, Ratain MJ, Fefer A, et al. Randomized study of the duration of treatment with interferon alfa-2B in patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 369–73
Spiers AS, Moore D, Cassileth PA, et al. Remissions in hairy-cell leukemia with pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 825–30
Kraut EH, Bouroncle BA, Grever MR. Pentostatin in the treatment of advanced hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 168–72
Kraut EH, Neff JC, Bouroncle BA, et al. Immunosuppressive effects of pentostatin. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 848–55
Piro LD, Carrera CJ, Carson DA, et al. Lasting remissions in hairy-cell leukemia induced by a single infusion of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1117–21
Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Variakojis D, et al. A single cycle of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine results in complete remission in the majority of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1992; 80: 2203–9
Saven A, Piro LD. Complete remissions in hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine after failure with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 278–83
McLaughlin P, Alexanian R. Myeloma protein kinetics following chemotherapy. Blood 1982; 60: 851–5
Alexanian R, Haut A, Khan AU, et al. Treatment for multiple myeloma. Combination chemotherapy with different melphalan dose regimens. JAMA 1969; 208: 1680–5
Gregory WM, Richards MA, Malpas JS. Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan and prednisolone in the treatment of multiple myeloma: an overview of published trials. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 334–42
Alexanian R, Gutterman J, Levy H. Interferon treatment for multiple myeloma. Clin Haematol 1982; 11: 211–20
Quesada JR, Alexanian R, Hawkins M, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma with recombinant alpha-interferon. Blood 1986; 67: 275–8
Ahre A, Bjorkholm M, Mellstedt H, et al. Human leukocyte interferon and intermittent high-dose melphalan-prednisone administration in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a randomized clinical trial from the Myeloma Group of Central Sweden. Cancer Treat Rep 1984; 68: 1331–8
Ludwig H, Cortelezzi A, Scheithauer W, et al. Recombinant interferon alfa-2C versus polychemotherapy (VMCP) for treatment of multiple myeloma: a prospective randomized trial. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1986; 22: 1111–6
Osterborg A, Bjorkholm M, Bjoreman M, et al. Natural interferon-alpha in combination with melphalan/prednisone versus melphalan/prednisone in the treatment of multiple myeloma stages II and III: a randomized study from the Myeloma Group of Central Sweden. Blood 1993; 81: 1428–34
Cooper MR, Dear K, Mclntyre OR, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing melphalan/prednisone with or without interferon alfa-2b in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 155–60
Mandelli F, Awisati G, Amadori S, et al. Maintenance treatment with recombinant interferon alfa-2b in patients with multiple myeloma responding to conventional induction chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1430–4
Peest D, Deicher H, Coldewey R, et al. for the German Myeloma Treatment Group. Melphalan and prednisone (MP) versus vincristine, BCNU, adriamycin, melphalan and dexamethasone (VBAM Dex) induction chemotherapy and interferon maintenance treatment in multiple myeloma: current results of a multicenter trial. Onkologie 1990; 13: 458–60
Westin J, Cortelezzi A, Hjorth M, et al. Interferon therapy during the plateau phase of multiple myeloma: an update of the Swedish study. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27 Suppl. 4: S45–8
Salmon SE, Beckord J, Pugh RP, et al. Alpha-interferon for remission maintenance: preliminary report on the Southwest Oncology Group study. Semin Oncol 1991; 18: 33–6
de Wit R, Schattenkerk JK, Boucher CA, et al. Clinical and virological effects of high-dose recombinant interferon-alpha in disseminated AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1988; 2: 1214–7
Groopman JE, Scadden DT. Interferon therapy for Kaposi sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 335–7
Krown SE, Real FX, Cunningham-Rundles S, et al. Preliminary observations on the effect ot recombinant leukocyte A interferon in homosexual men with Kaposi’s sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1071–6
Evans LM, Itri LM, Campion M, et al. Interferon-alpha 2a in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Immunother 1991; 10: 39–50
Rozenbaum W, Gharakhanian S, Navarette MS, et al. Long-term follow-up of 120 patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma treated with interferon alpha-2a. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 161S–5S
Volberding PA, Mitsuyasu RT, Golando JP, et al. Treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma with interferon alfa-2b (Intron A). Cancer 1987; 59: 620–5
Groopman JE, Gottlieb MS, Goodman J, et al. Recombinant alpha-2 interferon therapy for Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 671–6
Krown SE, Real FX, Vadhan-Raj S, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: treatment with recombinant interferon alpha and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 1986; 57: 1662–5
de Wit R. Kaposi’s sarcoma and AIDS. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 475–85
Podzamczer D, Bolao F, Clotet B, et al. Low-dose interferon alpha combined with zidovudine in patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Intern Med 1993; 233: 247–53
Krown SE, Paredes J, Bundow D, et al. Interferon-alpha, zidovudine, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a phase I AIDS Clinical Trials Group study in patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with AIDS. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1344–51
Sawyer LA, Metcalf JA, Zoon KC, et al. Effects of interferonalpha in patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma are related to blood interferon levels and dose. Cytokine 1990; 2: 247–52
Baumann R, Tauber MG, Opravil M, et al. Combined treatment with zidovudine and lymphoblast interferon-alpha in patients with HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Klin Wochenschr 1991; 69: 360–7
Scadden DT, Bering HA, Levine JD, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mitigates the neutropenia of combined interferon alfa and zidovudine treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma [published erratum appears in J Clin Oncol 1992 Feb; 10 (2): 346]. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 802–8
de Wit R, Danner SA, Bakker PJ, et al. Combined zidovudine and interferon-alpha treatment in patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Intern Med 1991; 229: 35–40
Fischl MA, Uttamchandani RB, Resnick L, et al. A phase I study of recombinant human interferon-alpha 2a or human lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha-n1 and concomitant zidovudine in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4: 1–10
Gill PS, Rarick MU, Bernstein Singer M, et al. Interferon-alpha maintenance therapy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Biol Response Mod 1990; 9: 512–6
Kovacs JA, Deyton L, Davey R, et al. Combined zidovudine and interferon-alpha therapy in patients with Kaposi sarcoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 280–7
Dupuy J, Price M, Lynch G, et al. Intralesional interferon-alpha and zidovudine in epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 966–72
Krown SE, Gold JW, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Interferon-alpha with zidovudine: safety, tolerance, and clinical and virologic effects in patients with Kaposi sarcoma associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [published erratum appears in Ann Intern Med 1990 Aug 15; 113 (4): 334]. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 812–21
Lane HC, Kovacs JA, Feinberg J, et al. Anti-retroviral effects of interferon-alpha in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 1988; 2: 1218–22
Ikic D, Singer Z, Beck M, et al. Interferon treatment of uterine cervical precancerosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1981; 101: 303–8
Moller BR, Johannesen R, Osther K, et al. Treatment of dysplasia of the cervical epithelium with an interferon gel. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 62: 625–9
Byrne MA, Moller BR, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. The effect of interferon on human papillomaviruses associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 1136–44
Yliskoski M, Cantell K, Syrjanen K, et al. Topical treatment with human leukocyte interferon of HPV 16 infections associated with cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasias. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 36: 353–7
De Palo G, Stefanon B, Rilke F, et al. Human fibroblast interferon in cervical and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia associated with papilloma virus infection. Int J Tissue React 1984; 6: 523–7
Choo YC, Seto WH, Hsu C, et al. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treated by perilesional injection of interferon. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 372–9
Puligheddu P, Marcello C, Medda F, et al. Activity of interferon beta in condylomata with dysplastic lesion of the uterine cervix. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1988; 9: 161–2
Dunham AM, McCartney JC, McCance DJ, et al. Effect of perilesional injection of alpha-interferon on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and associated human papillomavirus infection. J R Soc Med 1990; 83: 490–2
Frost L, Skajaa K, Hvidman LE, et al. No effect of intralesional injection of interferon on moderate cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 626–30
Vasilyev RV, Bokhman JaV, Smorodintsev M, et al. An experience with application of human leucocyte interferon for cervical cancer treatment. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1990; 11: 313–7
Stellato G. Intralesional recombinant alpha 2B interferon in the treatment of human papillomavirus-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 19: 124–6
Costa S, Poggi MG, Palmisano L, et al. Intramuscular β-interferon treatment of human papillomavirus lesions in the lower female genital tract. Cervix 1988; 6: 203–12
Lippman SM, Kavanagh JJ, Paredes Espinoza M, et al. 13-cis-Retinoic acid plus interferon alpha-2a: highly active systemic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 241–5
Greenway HT, Cornell RC, Tanner DJ, et al. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma with intralesional interferon. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 15: 437–43
Greenway HT, Yount A. Interferon therapy for basal cell carcinoma. Skin Cancer Foundation J 1991; IX: 43 and 93
Cornell RC, Greenway HT, Tucker SB, et al. Intralesional interferon therapy for basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 694–700
Greenway HT. Cutaneous tumors: condyloma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 519–32
Tank B, Habets JM, Naafs B, et al. Intralesional treatment of basal cell carcinoma with low-dose recombinant interferon gamma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 734–5
Edwards L, Whiting D, Rogers D, et al. The effect of intralesional interferon gamma on basal cell carcinomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22: 496–500
Ikic D, Padovan I, Pipic N, et al. Basal cell carcinoma treated with interferon. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30: 734–7
Edwards L, Berman B, Greenway HT, et al. Eradication of squamous cell carcinoma by intralesional interferon alfa-2b therapy. J Interferon Res 1991; 11 Suppl. 1: 594
Ikic D, Padovan I, Pipic N, et al. Interferon therapy for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991; 29: 342–6
Lippman SM, Parkinson DR, Itri LM, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon alpha-2a: effective combination therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 235–41
Lippman SM, Kavanagh JJ, Paredes-Espinoza M, et al. 13-cis-retinoic acid plus interferon-alpha 2a in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 499–500
Voravud N, Lippman SM, Weber RS, et al. Phase II trial of 13-cis-retinoic acid plus interferon-alpha in recurrent head and neck cancer. Invest New Drugs 1993; 11: 57–60
Roth AD, Abele R, Alberto P. 13-Cis-retinoic acid plus interferon-alpha: a phase II clinical study in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung and the head and neck. Oncology 1994; 51: 84–6
La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Negri E, et al. Trends of cancer mortality in Europe, 1955–1989: II. respiratory tract, bone, connective and soft tissue sarcomas, and skin. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28: 514–99
Yohn J, Hoffman S, Norris D, et al. Melanoma: 2. Diagnosis and treatment. Hosp Pract Off Ed 1994; 29: 27–34
Cooke KR, Fraser J. Migration and death from malignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 1985; 36: 175–8
Hoffman S, Yohn J, Robinson W, et al. Melanoma: 1. Clinical characteristics. Hosp Pract Off Ed 1994; 29: 37–40
Garbe C, Krasagakis K. Effects of interferons and cytokines on melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100: 239S–44S
Garbe C, Krasagakis K, Zouboulis CC, et al. Antitumor activities of interferon alpha, beta, and gamma and their combinations on human melanoma cells in vitro: changes of proliferation, melanin synthesis, and immunophenotype. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 231S–7S
Schiller JH, Willson JK, Bittner G, et al. Antiproliferative effects of interferons on human melanoma cells in the human tumor colony-forming assay. J Interferon Res 1986; 6: 615–25
Fisher PB, Prignoli DR, Hermo Jr H, et al. Effects of combined treatment with interferon and mezerein on melanogenesis and growth in human melanoma cells. J Interferon Res 1985; 5: 11–22
Giacomini P, Gambari R, Barbieri R, et al. Regulation of the antigenic phenotype of human melanoma cells by recombinant interferons. Anticancer Res 1986; 6: 877–84
Giacomini P, Aguzzi A, Pestka S, et al. Modulation by recombinant DNA leukocyte (alpha) and fibroblast (beta) interferons of the expression and shedding of HLA- and tumor-associated antigens by human melanoma cells. J Immunol 1984; 133: 1649–55
Carrel S, Schmidt-Kessen A, Giuffr’e L. Recombinant interferon-gamma can induce the expression of HLA-DR and -DC on DR-negative melanoma cells and enhance the expression of HLA-ABC and tumour-associated antigens. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15: 118–23
Houghton AN, Thomson TM, Gross D, et al. Surface antigens of melanoma and melanocytes: specificity of induction of Ia antigens by human gamma-interferon. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 255–69
Ernstoff MS, Fusi S, Kirkwood JM. Parameters of interferon action: I. Immunological effects of whole cell leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha) in phase I-II trials. J Biol Response Mod 1983; 2: 528–39
Ernstoff MS, Fusi S, Kirkwood JM. Parameters of interferon action: II. Immunological effects of recombinant leukocyte interferon (IFN-alpha 2) in phase I-II trials. J Biol Response Mod 1983; 2: 540–7
Varesio L, Blasi E, Thurman GB, et al. Potent activation of mouse macrophages by recombinant interferon-gamma. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 4465–9
Kokoschka EM, Trautinger F, Knobler RM, et al. Long-term adjuvant therapy of high-risk malignant melanoma with interferon alpha 2b. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 193S–7S
Beiteke U, Ruppert P, Garbe C, et al. Adjuvant therapy of primary malignant melanoma with natural human interferonbeta. Significant survival advantage in 96 treated patients in comparison with 288 untreated symptomatic controls [in German]. Hautarzt 1993; 44: 365–71
Kirkwood JM. Studies of interferons in the therapy of melanoma. Semin Oncol 1991; 18: 83–90
Coit DG. Hyperthermic isolation limb perfusion for malignant melanoma: a review. Cancer Invest 1992; 10: 277–84
Ghussen F, Kruger I, Groth W, et al. The role of regional hyperthermic cytostatic perfusion in the treatment of extremity melanoma. Cancer 1988; 61: 654–9
Lejeune FJ, Li’enard D, Leyvraz S, et al. Regional therapy of melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 606–12
Lienard D, Ewalenko P, Delmotte JJ, et al. High-dose recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in combination with interferon gamma and melphalan in isolation perfusion of the limbs for melanoma and sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 52–60
Fierlbeck G, d’Hoedt B, Stroebel W, et al. Intralesional therapy of melanoma metastases with recombinant interferon-beta [in German]. Hautarzt 1992; 43: 16–21
Aapro MS. Advances in systemic treatment of malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 613–7
Legha SS. Current therapy for malignant melanoma. Semin Oncol 1989; 16: 34–44
Falkson CI, Falkson G, Falkson HC. Improved results with the addition of interferon alfa-2b to dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1403–8
McLeod GR, Thomson DB, Hersey P. Recombinant interferon alfa-2a in advanced malignant melanoma. A phase I-II study in combination with DTIC. Int J Cancer 1987; 1 Suppl.: 31–5
Thomson DB, Adena M, McLeod GR, et al. Interferon-alpha 2a does not improve response or survival when combined with dacarbazine in metastatic malignant melanoma: results of a multi-institutional Australian randomized trial. Melanoma Res 1993; 3: 133–8
Pyrhonen S, Hahka-Kemppinen M, Muhonen T. A promising interferon plus four-drug chemotherapy regimen for metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1919–26
Herberman RB, Ernstoff MS, Kirkwood JM. Interferon alpha in combination with other biologics: the scientific rationale. Br J Haematol 1991; 79 Suppl. 1: 78–80
Legha SS, Buzaid AC. Role of recombinant interleukin-2 in combination with interferon-alfa and chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced melanoma. Semin Oncol 1993; 20: 27–32
Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Yang JC, et al. Combination therapy with interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1863–74
Oldham RK, Blumenschein G, Schwartzberg L, et al. Combination biotherapy utilizing interleukin-2 and alpha interferon in patients with advanced cancer: a National Biotherapy Study Group Trial. Mol Biother 1992; 4: 4–9
Legha SS, Ring S, Papadopoulos N, et al. A prospective evaluation of a triple-drug regimen containing cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (CVD) for metastatic melanoma. Cancer 1989; 64: 2024–9
Bassil B, Dosorek DE, Prout Jr GR. Validation of the tumor, nodes and metastasis classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1985; 134: 450–4
Hermanek P, Schrott KM. Evaluation of the new tumor, nodes and metastases classification of renal cell carcinoma [discussion]. J Urol 1990; 144: 241–2
Wirth MP. Immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 1993; 20: 283–95
Ebert T, Schmitz-Drager BJ, Ackermann R. The role of cytokines in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma. Recent Results Cancer Res 1993; 126: 113–8
Kinney P, Triozzi P, Young D, et al. Phase II trial of interferonbeta-serine in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 881–5
Rinehart JJ, Young D, Laforge J, et al. Phase I/II trial of interferon-beta-serine in patients with renal cell carcinoma: immunological and biological effects. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 2481–5
Huber C, Aulitzky W, Gastl G, et al. Treatment of metastasizing renal cell carcinoma with an’ optimum’ biological response modifying dose of rIFN-gamma. J Biol Resp Mod 1989; 8: 335
Wheater PR, Burkitt HG, Daniels VG. Functional histology: a text and colour atlas. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987: 274
Moertel CG, Johnson CM, McKusick MA, et al. The management of patients with advanced carcinoid tumors and islet cell carcinomas. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 302–9
Bajetta E, Di Bartolomeo M, Zilembo N, et al. Medical treatment of neuroendocrine tumours. Tumouri 1993; 79: 380–8
De Vries EG, Kema IP, Slooff MJ, et al. Recent developments in diagnosis and treatment of metastatic carcinoid tumours. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 200 Suppl.: 87–93
Oberg K. The action of interferon alpha on human carcinoid tumours. Semin Cancer Biol 1992; 3: 35–41
Di Bartolomeo M, Bajetta E, Zilembo N, et al. Treatment of carcinoid syndrome with recombinant interferon alpha-2a. Acta Oncol 1993; 32: 235–8
Bajetta E, Zilembo N, Di Bartolomeo M, et al. Treatment of metastatic carcinoids and other neuroendocrine tumours with recombinant interferon-alpha-2a. A study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology Group. Cancer 1993; 72: 3099–105
Biesma B, Willemse PH, Mulder NH, et al. Recombinant interferon alpha-2b in patients with metastatic apudomas: effect on tumours and tumour markers. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 850–5
Veenhof CH, de Wit R, Taal BG, et al. A dose-escalation study of recombinant interferon-alpha in patients with a metastatic carcinoid tumour. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28: 75–8
Creutzfeldt W, Bartsch HH, Jacubaschke U, et al. Treatment of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours with interferon-alpha and octreotide. Acta Oncol 1991; 30: 529–35
Janson ET, Oberg K. Long-term management of the carcinoid syndrome. Treatment with octreotide alone and in combination with alpha-interferon. Acta Oncol 1993; 32: 225–9
Janson ET, Ronnblom L, Ahlstrom H, et al. Treatment with alpha-interferon versus alpha-interferon in combination with streptozocin and doxorubicin in patients with malignant carcinoid tumours: a randomized trial. Ann Oncol 1992; 3: 635–8
Ross C, Tingsgaard P, Jorgensen H, et al. Interferon treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 1993; 51: 63–72
Olsen EA, Rosen ST, Vollmer RT, et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 395–407
Kohn EC, Steis RG, Sausville EA, et al. Phase II trial of intermittent high-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2a in mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 155–60
Vegna ML, Papa G, Defazio D, et al. Interferon alpha-2a in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 1990; 52 Suppl.: 32–5
Dr’eno B. Roferon-A (interferon alpha 2a) combined with Tigason (etretinate) for treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Stem Cells 1993; 11: 269–75
Dr’eno B, Claudy A, Meynadier J, et al. The treatment of 45 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with low doses of interferon-alpha 2a and etretinate. Br J Dermatol 1991; 125: 456–9
Kuzel TM, Gilyon K, Springer E, et al. Interferon alfa-2a combined with phototherapy in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 203–7
Otte HG, Herges A, Stadler R. Combination therapy with interferon alfa 2a and PUVA in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma [in German]. Hautarzt 1992; 43: 695–9
Rook AH, Wolfe JT. Role of extracorporeal photopheresis in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. J Clin Apheresis 1994; 9: 28–30
Portlock CS. Management of the low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Semin Oncol 1990; 17: 51–9
Gaynor ER, Fisher RI. Clinical trials of alpha-interferon in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Semin Oncol 1991; 18: 12–7
Merigan TC, Sikora K, Breeden JH, et al. Preliminary observations on the effect of human leucocyte interferon in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 1449–53
Gutterman JU, Blumenschein GR, Alexanian R, et al. Leucocyte interferon-induced tumour regression in human metastatic breast cancer, multiple myeloma, and malignant lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 399–406
Louie AC, Gallagher JG, Sikora K, et al. Follow-up observations on the effect of human leucocyte interferon in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 1981; 58: 712–8
Horning SJ, Merigan TC, Krown SE, et al. Human interferon alpha in malignant lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease. Results of the American Cancer Society trial. Cancer 1985; 56: 1305–10
Quesada JR, Hawkins M, Horning S, et al. Collaborative phase I-II study of recombinant DNA-produced leucocyte interferon (clone A) in metastatic breast cancer, malignant lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Am J Med 1984; 77: 427–32
Foon KA, Sherwin SA, Abrams PG, et al. Treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with recombinant leucocyte A interferon. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1148–52
O’Connell MJ, Colgan JP, Oken MM, et al. Clinical trial of recombinant leucocyte A interferon as initial therapy for favorable histology non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study. J Clin Oncol 1986; 4: 128–36
VanderMolen LA, Steis RG, Duffey PL, et al. Low- versus high-dose interferon alfa-2a in relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 235–8
Leavitt RD, Ratanatharathorn V, Ozer H, et al. Alfa-2b interferon in the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Semin Oncol 1987; 14: 18–23
Gams R, Gordon D, Guaspari A, et al. Phase II trial of human polyclonal lymphoblastoid interferon (Welferon) in the management of malignant lymphomas [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1984; 3: 65
Balkwill FR, Moodie EM. Positive interactions between human interferon and cyclophosphamide or adriamycin in a human tumour model system. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 904–8
Wadler S, Schwartz EL. Antineoplastic activity of the combination of interferon and cytotoxic agents against experimental and human malignancies: a review. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3473–86
Portlock CS. ‘Good risk’ non-Hodgkin lymphomas: approaches to management. Semin Hematol 1983; 20: 25–34
Rohatiner AZ, Richards MA, Barnett MJ, et al. Chlorambucil and interferon for low grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br J Cancer 1987; 55: 225–6
Clark RH, Dimitrov NV, Axelson JA, et al. A phase II trial of intermittent leucocyte interferon and high dose chlorambucil in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma resistant to conventional therapy. Am J Clin Oncol 1989; 12: 75–7
Chisesi T, Capnist G, Vespignani M, et al. Interferon alfa-2b and chlorambucil in the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Invest New Drugs 1987; 5 Suppl.: S35–40
Chisesi T, Congiu M, Contu A, et al. Randomized study of chlorambucil (CB) compared to interferon (alfa-2b) combined with CB in low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an interim report of a randomized study. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Cooperative Study Group. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27 Suppl. 4: S31–3
Price CG, Rohatiner AZ, Steward W, et al. Interferon-alpha 2b in the treatment of follicular lymphoma: preliminary results of a trial in progress. Ann Oncol 1991; 2 Suppl. 2: 141–5
Ozer H, Anderson JR, Peterson BA, et al. Combination trial of subcutaneous recombinant alpha 2b interferon and oral cyclophosphamide in follicular low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994; 22: 228–35
Smalley RV, Andersen JW, Hawkins MJ, et al. Interferon alfa combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy for patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1336–41
Solal-Celigny P, Lepage E, Brousse N, et al. Recombinant interferon alfa-2b combined with a regimen containing doxorubicin in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma. Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1608–14
McLaughlin P, Cabanillas F, Hagemeister FB, et al. CHOP-Bleo plus interferon for stage IV low-grade lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 205–11
Avil’es A, D’iaz-Maqueo JC, Garc’ia EL, et al. Maintenance therapy with interferon alfa 2b in patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma. Invest New Drugs 1992; 10: 351–5
Hagenbeek A, Carde P, Somers R, et al. Maintenance of remission with human recombinant alpha-2 interferon (Roferon-A) in patients with stages III and IV low grade malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Results from a prospective, randomised phase III clinical trial in 331 patients [abstract]. Blood 1992; 80 Suppl. 1: 288
Lin SL, Kikuchi T, Pledger WJ, et al. Interferon inhibits the establishment of competence in G0/S-phase transition. Science 1986; 233: 356–9
Chott A, Gisslinger H, Thiele J, et al. Interferon-alpha-induced morphological changes of megakaryocytes: a histomorphometrical study on bone marrow biopsies in chronic myeloproliferative disorders with excessive thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol 1990; 74: 10–6
Linkesch W, Gisslinger H, Ludwig H, et al. Therapy with interferon (recombinant IFN-alpha-2C) in myeloproliferative diseases with severe thrombocytoses [in German]. Acta Med Austriaca 1985; 12: 123–7
Ludwig H, Linkesch W, Gisslinger H, et al. Interferon-alfa corrects thrombocytosis in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1987; 25: 266–73
Talpaz M, Kurzrock R, Kantarjian H, et al. Recombinant interferon-alpha therapy of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocytosis. Am J Med 1989; 86: 554–8
Lazzarino M, Vitale A, Morra E, et al. Interferon alpha-2b as treatment for Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders with excessive thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol 1989; 72: 173–7
Gisslinger H, Ludwig H, Linkesch W, et al. Long-term interferon therapy for thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative diseases. Lancet 1989; i: 634–7
Petit J, Callis M, Domingo Albos A, et al. Alfa-2b interferon in the treatment of thrombocytosis associated to chronic nonleukemic myeloproliferative syndromes [in Spanish]. Med Clin 1993; 101: 601–3
Seewann HL. Interferon therapy in essential thrombocythemia [in German]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1993; 143: 420–4
Talpaz M, Kantarjian HM, McCredie K, et al. Hematologic remission and cytogenetic improvement induced by recombinant human interferon alpha A in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1065–9
Talpaz M, McCredie K, Kantarjian H, et al. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia: hematological remissions with alpha interferon. Br J Haematol 1986; 64: 87–95
Talpaz M, Kantarjian HM, McCredie KB, et al. Clinical investigation of human alpha interferon in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1987; 69: 1280–8
Freund M, Von Wussow P, Diedrich H, et al. Recombinant human interferon (IFN) alpha-2b in chronic myelogenous leukaemia: dose dependency of response and frequency of neutralizing anti-interferon antibodies. Br J Haematol 1989; 72: 350–6
Talpaz M, Kantarjian H, Kurzrock R, et al. Interferon-alpha produces sustained cytogenetic responses in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Philadelphia chromosome-positive patients. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 532–8
The Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Interferon alfa-2a as compared with conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 820–5
Kurzrock R, Talpaz M, Kantarjian H, et al. Therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia with recombinant interferon-gamma. Blood 1987; 70: 943–7
Silver RT, Reich SD, Coleman P, et al. Gamma interferon (IFN) has activity in treating chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Blood 1986; 68 Suppl. 1: 232A
Turri D, Mitra ME, Di Trapani R, et al. Alpha-interferon in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica 1991; 76: 75–7
Sacchi S, Leoni P, Liberati M, et al. A prospective comparison between treatment with phlebotomy alone and with interferon-alpha in patients with polycythemia vera. Ann Hematol 1994; 68: 247–50
Gisslinger H, Chott A, Scheithauer W, et al. Interferon in essential thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 1991; 79 Suppl. 1: 42–7
Sacchi S, Tabilio A, Leoni P, et al. Sustained complete hematological remission in essential thrombocythemia after discontinuation of long-term alpha-IFN treatment. Ann Hematol 1993; 66: 245–6
Barosi G, Liberato LN, Costa A, et al. Cytoreductive effect of recombinant alpha interferon in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blut 1989; 58: 271–4
Alvaro-Gracia JM, Yu C, Zvaifler NJ, et al. Mutual antagonism between interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha on fibroblast-like synoviocytes: paradoxical induction of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha receptor expression. J Clin Immunol 1993; 13: 212–8
Alvaro-Gracia JM, Zvaifler NJ, Firestein GS. Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. V. Mutual antagonism between interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha on HLA-DR expression, proliferation, collagenase production, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1790–8
German Lymphokine Study Group. Double blind controlled phase III multicenter clinical trial with interferon gamma in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 1992; 12: 175–85
Machold KP, Neumann K, Smolen JS. Recombinant human interferon gamma in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: double blind placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51: 1039–43
Cannon GW, Pincus SH, Emkey RD, et al. Double-blind trial of recombinant gamma-interferon versus placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 964–73
Cannon GW, Emkey RD, Denes A, et al. Prospective 5-year followup of recombinant interferon-gamma in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1867–73
Freundlich B, Jimenez SA, Steen VD, et al. Treatment of systemic sclerosis with recombinant interferon-gamma. A phase I/II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 1134–42
Hein R, Behr J, Hundgen M, et al. Treatment of systemic sclerosis with gamma-interferon. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126: 496–501
Mensing H. Therapy of progressive scleroderma with gamma-interferon [in German]. Hautarzt 1991; 42: 380–3
Kahan A, Amor B, Menkes CJ, et al. Recombinant interferon-gamma in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Am J Med 1989; 87: 273–7
Thivolet J, Nicolas JF, Kanitakis J, et al. Recombinant interferon alpha 2a is effective in the treatment of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122: 405–9
Zouboulis CC, Treudler R, Orfanos CE. Adamantiades-Behcet disease. Therapeutic administration of systemic recombinant interferon-alpha-2a [in German]. Hautarzt 1993; 44: 440–5
Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Serdaroglu S, et al. Topical alpha interferon in the treatment of oral ulcers in Behcet’s syndrome: a preliminary report. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990; 8: 51–4
Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Rosenkaimer F, et al. Inefficacy of topical alpha interferon in the treatment of oral ulcers of Behcet’s syndrome: a randomized, double blind trial [letter]. Br J Rheumatol 1991; 30: 395–6
Reinhold U, Kukel S, Brzoska J, et al. Systemic interferon gamma treatment in severe atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 58–63
Punnonen J, Punnonen K, Jans’en CT, et al. Interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, and arachidonic acid metabolites modulate IL-4-induced IgE synthesis similarly in healthy persons and in atopic dermatitis patients. Allergy 1993; 48: 189–95
Hanifin JM, Schneider LC, Leung DY, et al. Recombinant interferon gamma therapy for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 189–97
Nielsen BW, Reimert CM, Hammer R, et al. Interferon therapy for atopic dermatitis reduces basophil histamine release, but does not reduce serum IgE or eosinophilic proteins. Allergy 1994; 49: 120–8
Paukkonen K, Fraki J, Horsmanheimo M. Interferon-alpha treatment decreases the number of blood eosinophils in patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1993; 73: 141–2
Jullien D, Nicolas JF, Frappaz A, et al. Alpha interferon treatment in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1993; 73: 130–2
Sibley WA, Bamford CR, Clark K. Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1985; i: 1313–5
Male D, Pyrce G, Hughes C, et al. Lymphocyte migration into brain modelled in vitro: control by lymphocyte activation, cytokines, and antigen. Cell Immunol 1990; 127: 1–11
Panitch HS, Hirsch RL, Haley AS, et al. Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with gamma interferon. Lancet 1987; 1: 893–5
Noronha A, Toscas A, Jensen MA. IFN-beta down-regulates IFN-gamma production by activated T cells in MS. Neurology 1991; 41 Suppl. 1: 219
Ransohoff RM, Devajyothi C, Estes ML, et al. Interferon-beta specifically inhibits interferon-gamma-induced class II major histocompatibility complex gene transcription in a human astrocytoma cell line. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 33: 103–12
Noronha A, Toscas A, Jensen MA. Interferon beta decreases T cell activation and interferon gamma production in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 46: 145–53
Jacobs L, Salazar AM, Herndon R, et al. Multicentre double-blind study of effect of intrathecally administered natural human fibroblast interferon on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1986; 2: 1411–3
IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43: 655–61
Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444–52
Paty DW, Li DK. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis results of a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. UBC MS/MRI study group and the IFNB multiple sclerosis study group. Neurology 1993; 43: 662–7
Ezekowik RA, Dinauer MC, Jaffe HS, et al. Partial correction of the phagocyte defect in patients with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease by subcutaneous interferon gamma. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 146–51
Sechler JM, Malech HL, White CJ, et al. Recombinant human interferon-gamma reconstitutes defective phagocyte function in patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 4874–8
Gallin JI, Malech HL, Weening RS, et al. A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 509–16
Lunel F, Musset L, Cacoub P, et al. Cryoglobulinemia in chronic liver diseases: role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1291–300
Bonomo L, Casato M, Afeltra A, et al. Treatment of idiopathic mixed cryoglobulinemia with alpha interferon. Am J Med 1987; 83: 726–30
Casato M, Lagan’a B, Antonelli G, et al. Long-term results of therapy with interferon-alpha for type II essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1991; 78: 3142–7
Ferri C, Marzo E, Longombardo G, et al. Interferon-alpha in mixed cryoglobulinemia patients: a randomized, crossover-controlled trial. Blood 1993; 81: 1132–6
Misiani R, Bellavita P, Fenili D, et al. Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 751–6
Durand JM, Cretel E, Kaplanski G, et al. Long-term results of therapy with interferon alpha for cryoglobulinaemia associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Rheumatol 1994; 13: 123–5
Sampaio EP, Moreira AL, Sarno EN, et al. Prolonged treatment with recombinant interferon gamma induces erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy patients. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1729–37
Kaplan G, Mathur NK, Job CK, et al. Effect of multiple interferon gamma injections on the disposal of Mycobacterium leprae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 8073–7
Harms G, Chehade AK, Douba M, et al. A randomized trial comparing a pentavalent antimonial drug and recombinant interferon-gamma in the local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 85: 214–6
van Lunzen J, Kern P, Schmitz J, et al. Short term treatment of visceral leishmaniasis of the Old World with low dose interferon gamma and pentavalent antimony. Infection 1993; 21: 362–6
Squires KE, Rosenkaimer F, Sherwood JA, et al. Immunochemotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis: a controlled pilot trial of antimony versus antimony plus interferon-gamma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 48: 666–9
Quesada JR, Gutterman JU, Hersh EM. Clinical and immunological study of beta interferon by intramuscular route in patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Interferon Res 1982; 2: 593–9
Quesada JR. Toxicity and side effects of interferons. In: Baron S, Coppenhaver DH, Dianzani F, et al., editors. Interferon: principles and medical applications. Galveston: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Department of Microbiology, 1992: 427–32
McPherson TA, Tan YH. Phase I pharmacotoxicology study of human fibroblast interferon in human cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980; 65: 75–9
Jones GJ, Itri LM. Safety and tolerance of recombinant interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A) in cancer patients. Cancer 1986; 57: 1709–15
Adams F, Quesada JR, Gutterman JU. Neuropsychiatrie manifestations of human leukocyte interferon therapy in patients with cancer. JAMA 1984; 252: 938–41
Averbuch SD, Austin HA, Sherwin SA, et al. Acute interstitial nephritis with the nephrotic syndrome following recombinant leukocyte a interferon therapy for mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 32–5
Martino S, Ratanatharathorn V, Karanes C, et al. Reversible arrhythmias observed in patients treated with recombinant alpha 2 interferon. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113: 376–8
Quesada JR, Gutterman JU. Psoriasis and alpha-interferon. Lancet 1986; 1: 1466–8
Olsen EA, Lichtenstein GR, Wilkinson WE. Changes in serum lipids in patients with condylomata acuminata treated with interferon alfa-n 1 (Wellferon). J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 286–9
Antonelli G, Currenti M, Turriziani O, et al. Neutralizing antibodies to interferon-alpha: relative frequency in patients treated with different interferon preparations. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 882–5
Quesada JR, Rios A, Swanson D, et al. Antitumour activity of recombinant-derived interferon alpha in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 1522–8
Von Wussow P, Borden EC. Antibodies to interferons in patients: defining their significance. J Interferon Res 1989; Suppl. 1: 571–2
Ronnblom LE, Alm GV, Oberg KE. Autoimmunity after alphainterferon therapy for malignant carcinoid tumours. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 178–83
Wandl UB, Nagel Hiemke M, May D, et al. Lupus-like autoimmune disease induced by interferon therapy for myeloproliferative disorders. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 65: 70–4
Fattovich G, Betterle C, Brollo L, et al. Autoantibodies during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 1991; 34: 132–5
Popo T, Marcellin P, Bernuau J, et al. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis exacerbated by alpha-interferon. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 51–3
Fentiman IS, Balkwill FR, Thomas BS, et al. An autoimmune aetiology for hypothyroidism following interferon therapy for breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988; 24: 1299–303
Lisker Melman M, DiBisceglie AM, Usala SJ, et al. Development of thyroid disease during therapy of chronic viral hepatitis with interferon alfa. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 2155–60
Baer MR, Ozer H, Foon KA. Interferon-alpha therapy during pregnancy in chronic myelogenous leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1992; 81: 167–9
Kovarik J, Mayer G, Pohanka E, et al. Adverse effect of low-dose prophylactic human recombinant leukocyte interferon alpha treatment in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1988; 45: 402–5
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cirelli, R., Tyring, S.K. Major Therapeutic Uses of Interferons. Clin. Immunother. 3, 27–87 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03259051
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03259051