References
Proceedings Eleventh International Lead Conference (London: Lead Development Association, 1993).
Vincent Rich, The International Lead Trade (Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing, 1994).
“Prospects for Lead and Zinc Look Brighter,” Metal Bulletin (20 February 1995), p. 8.
Paul E. Queneau and Samuel W. Marcuson, “Oxygen Pyrometallurgy at Copper Cliff—A Half Century of Progress,” JOM (January 1996), pp. 14–21.
P.J. Mackey and J.K. Brimacombe, “Savard and Lee—Transforming the Metallurgical Landscape,” Savard-Lee International Symposium on Bath Smelting, ed. J.K. Brimacombe, P.J. Mackey, G.J. Kor, C. Bickert, and M.G. Ranade (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1992), pp. 137–145.
Howard Womer, “Continuous Smelting and Refining by WORCRA Processes,” Advances in Extractive Metallurgy (London: IMM, 1968).
Paul E. Queneau and R. Schuhmann, Jr., “TheQ-S Oxygen Process,” JOM (August 1974), pp. 14–16.
Staff Reporter, “St. Joe Mineral Corp. Has Exclusive Option on New Lead Process,” The Wall Street Journal (22 February 1974).
Paul E. Queneau, “The QSL Reactor for Lead and its Prospects for Cu, Ni and Fe,” JOM (Dec. 1989), pp. 30–35.
R. Schuhmann, Jr., Pei-Cheh Chen, P. Palanisamy, and D.H.R. Sarma, “Thermodynamics of Converting Lead Sulfide,” Metall Trans, 7B (1976), pp. 95–101.
Paul E. Queneau, “Oxygen Technology and Conservation,” Metall Trans., 8B (3) (1977), pp. 357–369.
W.H. Schwartz, P. Fischer, P.E. Queneau and R. Schuhmann, Jr., “QSL—A Continuous Process for Environmentally Clean Lead Production,” Lead-Zinc-Tin ′80 World Symposium, ed. J.M. Cigan, T.S. Mackey, and T.J. O′Keefe (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1980), pp. 394–406.
P. Fischer and H. Maczek, “Present Status—QSL Lead Process,” JOM, 34 (6) (1982), pp. 60–64.
P. Fischer, “The QSL Process,” Sulfide Smelting International Symposium, ed. H.Y. Sohn, D.B. George, and A.D. Zunkel (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1983), pp. 513–527.
R. Schuhmann, Jr., “Measurement, Interpretation and Control of Oxygen Activity,” Reinhart Schuhmann International Symposium on Innovative Technology and Reactor Design in Extraction Metallurgy, ed. D.R. Gaskell, J.P. Hager, J.E. Hoffmann, and P.J. Mackey (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1986), pp. 43–63.
P.J. Mackey, “Oxygen in Nonferrous Metallurgical Processes,” Impact of Oxygen on Productivity, ed. G. Kachaniwsky and C. Newman (Toronto, Canada: CIM, Pergamon, 1987), pp. 1–30.
K.M. Iyer and H.Y. Sohn, “Mass Transfer Analysis for Pyrometallurgical Channel Reactors with High-Strength Bottom Gas Injection,” Paul E. Queneau International Symposium—Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt, vol. 1, ed. R.G. Reddy and R.N. Weizenbach (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1993).
C.R. Schneidesch, H.J. Richter, and P.E. Queneau, “Mixing and Settling in a QSOP Oxygen Reactor,” Reinhart Schuhmann International Symposium on Innovative Technology and Reactor Design in Extraction Metallurgy, ed. D.R. Gaskell, J.P. Hager, J.E. Hoffmann, and P.J. Mackey (Warrendale,PA: TMS, 1986), pp. 43–63.
H.J. Richter, J.T. Laaspere, and J.M. Fitzpatrick, “Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Mixing and Settling in Continuous Metal Production,” Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, vol. 1, ed. Hong Yong Sohn (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1994), pp. 859–878.
Paul E. Queneau, “The Coppermaking QS Continuous Oxygen Converter—Technology, Design and Offspring,” Paul E. Queneau International Symposium—Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt, vol. 1, eds. R.G. Reddy and R.N. Weizenbach (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1993).
R.I. Guthrie, H.C. Lee, and Y. Sahai, “On the Formation of Thermal Accretions (Mushrooms) in Steelmaking Vessels,” Savard-Lee International Symposium on Bath Smelting, ed. J.K. Brimacombe, P.J. Mackey, G.J. Kor, C. Bickert, and M.G. Ranade (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1992), pp. 445–462.
R.H. Essenhigh, “Fundamentals of Coal Combustion,” Chemistry of Coal Utilization, ed. M.A. Elliott (New York: Wiley, 1981).
F.J. Ceely and E.L. Daman, “Combustion Process Technology,” Chemistry of Coal Utilization, ed. M.A. Elliott (New York: Wiley, 1981).
Proceedings of Nineteenth International Symposium on Combustion (Pittsburgh, PA: Combustion Institute, 1982).
K. Mager and A. Schulte, “Commercial QSL Plants,” Lead Processing Symposium, ed. M.L. Jaeck (Toronto, Canada: CIM, Pergamon, 1989), pp. 3–14.
P. Arthur, A. Siegmund, and M. Schmidt, “Operating Experience with QSL Submerged Bath Smelting for Production of Lead Bullion,” Savard-Lee International Symposium on Bath Smelting, ed. J.K. Brimacombe, P.J. Mackey, G.J. Kor, C. Bickert, and M.G. Ranade (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1992), pp. 127–145.
L. Deininger, K.C. Choi, and A. Siegmund, “Operating Experience with the QSL-Plants in Germany and Korea,” EPD Congress 1994, ed. G.W. Warren (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1994), pp. 477–501
K.C. Choi, H.J. Kim, and Y.H. Lee, “The New QSL Lead Smelter at Korea′s Zinc Onsan Plant,” Metallurgical Processes for the Early Twenty-First Century, vol. 1, ed. Hong Yong Sohn (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1994), pp. 317–331.
Y.H. Lee and C.Y. Choi, “Behavior of Lead and Impurities in QSL Lead Smelting,” Zinc & Lead ′95, ed. T. Azakami, N. Masuko, J.E. Dutrizac, and E. Ozberk (Sendai, Japan: MMPI of Japan and CIM, 1995), pp. 270–279.
“Recent Metallurgical Plants,” Mining Magazine (London: August 1995).
M.J. Walker, D.R. Reynolds, and G.W. Lee, “The New Cominco Lead Smelter at Trail,” Lead and Zinc ′90, ed. T.S. Mackey and R.D. Prengaman (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990), pp. 919–932.
J.R. Boldt and Paul E. Queneau, “Postscript,” The Winning of Nickel (Toronto, Canada: Van Nostrand, 1967).
J.G. Eacott, “The Role of Oxygen Potential and Use of Tonnage Oxygen in Copper Smelting,” Advances in Sulfide Melting, vol. 2, ed. H.Y. Sohn, D.B. George, and A.D. Zunkel (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1983), pp. 583–634.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Queneau, P.E., Siegmund, A. Industrial-scale leadmaking with the QSL continuous oxygen converter. JOM 48, 38–44 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03222918
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03222918