Abstract
A common application of nanometer-sized gold particles is as seed particles for growth of semiconductor nanowires, which are believed to act as highly promising building blocks in future electronic devices. In a majority of the reports of successful nanowire growth, gold has been the seed particle material of choice. In this review article we identify the different types of gold particles used to initiate nanowire growth, namely gold particles made from thin films, gold particles defined by lithographic methods, colloidal gold particles and aerosol-generated gold particles. The production and deposition methods are described and the advantages and disadvantages of the particle types are discussed. In addition we discuss different properties that seem to make gold the most universal material for nanowire seed particles.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
X.F. Duan, Y. Huang, Y. Cui, J.F. Wang and C.M. Lieber,Nature, 2001,409, 66
J. Bao, M.A. Zimmler, F. Capasso, X. Wang and Z.F. Ren,Nano Lett., 2006,6, 1719
E.D. Minot, F. Kelkensberg, M. van Kouwen, J.A. van Dam, L.P. Kouwenhoven, V. Zwiller, M.T. Borgström, O. Wunnicke, M.A. Verheijen and E.P.A.M. Bakkers,Nano Lett., 2007,7, 367
S.D. Hersee, M. Fairchild, A.K. Rishinaramangalam, M.S. Ferdous, L. Zhang, P.M. Varangis, B.S. Swartzentruber and A.A. Talin,Electr. Lett., 2009,45, 75
C.P.T. Svensson, T. Mårtensson, J. Trägårdh, C. Larsson, M. Rask, D. Hessman, L. Samuelson and J. Ohlsson,Nanotechn., 2008,19, 305201
Y. Li, F. Qian, J. Xiang and C.M. Lieber,Mater. Today, 2006,9, 18
J. Goldberger, A.I. Hochbaum, R. Fan and P. Yang,Nano Lett., 2006,6, 973
S.A. Dayeh, D.P.R. Aplin, X. Zhou, P.K.L. Yu, E.T. Yu and D. Wang,Small, 2007,3, 326
L.E. Wernersson, E. Lind, L. Samuelson, T. Löwgren and J. Ohlsson,Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 2007,46, 2629
F. Patolsky, G.F. Zheng and C.M. Lieber,Anal. Chem., 2006,78, 4260
Y. Cui, Q. Wei, H. Park and C.M. Lieber,Science, 2001,293, 1289
M. Law, L.E. Greene, R. Johnson, R. Saykally and P. Yang,Nature Mater., 2005,4, 455
B. Tian, X. Zheng, T.J. Kempa, Y. Fang, N. Yu, G. Yu, J. Huang and C.M. Lieber,Nature, 2007,449, 885
H. Goto, K. Nosaki, K. Tomioka, S. Hara, K. Hiruma, J. Motohisa and T. Fukui,Appl. Phys. Express, 2009,2, 035004
C. Thelander, P. Agarwal, S. Brongersma, J. Eymery, L.F. Feiner, A. Forchel, M. Scheffler, W. Riess, B.J. Ohlsson, U. Gösele and L. Samuelson,Mater. Today, 2006,9, 28
W. Hällström, C.N. Prinz, D. Suyatin, L. Samuelson, L. Montelius and M. Kanje,Langmuir, 2009,25, 4343
C.N.R. Rao, F.L. Deepak, G. Gundiah and A. Govindaraj,Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 2003,31, 5
H.J. Fan, P. Werner and M. Zacharias,Small, 2006,2, 700
K.A. Dick,Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 2008,54, 138
B. Mandl, J. Stangl, T. Mårtensson, A. Mikkelsen, J. Eriksson, L.S. Karlsson, G. Bauer, L. Samuelson and W. Seifert,Nano Lett., 2006,6, 1817
J. Noborisaka, J. Motohisa and T. Fukui,Appl. Phys. Lett., 2005,86, 213102
N. Sköld, L.S. Karlsson, M.W. Larsson, M.E. Pistol, W. Seifert, J. Trägårdh and L. Samuelson,Nano Lett., 2005,5, 1943
M.T. Björk, B.J. Ohlsson, T. Sass, A.I. Persson, C. Thelander, M.H. Magnusson, K. Deppert, L.R. Wallenberg and L. Samuelson,App. Phys. Lett., 2002,80, 1058
K.A. Dick, K. Deppert, M.W. Larsson, T. Mårtensson, W. Seifert, L.R. Wallenberg and L. Samuelson,Nature Mater., 2004,3, 380
R.S. Wagner and W.C. Ellis,Appl. Phys. Lett., 1964,4, 89
A.I. Persson, M.W. Larsson, S. Stenström, B.J. Ohlsson, L. Samuelson and L.R. Wallenberg,Nature Mater., 2004,3, 677
H.F. Yan, Y.J. Xing, Q.L. Hang, D.P. Yu, Y.P. Wang, J. Xu, Z.H. Xi and S.Q. Feng,Chem. Phys. Lett., 2000,323, 224
T.J. Trentler, K.M. Hickman, S.C. Goel, A.M. Viano, P.C. Gibbons and W.E. Buhro,Science, 1995,270, 1791
S. Kodambaka, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter and F.M. Ross,Science, 2007,316, 729
L.C. Campos, S.H. Dalal, D.L. Baptista, R. Magalhães-Paniago, A.S. Ferlauto, W.I. Milne, L.O. Ladeira and R.G. Lacerda,Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007,90, 181929
K. Hiruma, M. Yazawa, T. Katasuyama, K. Ogawa, K. Haraguchi, M. Koguchi and H. Kakibayashi,Appl. Phys. Rev., 1994,77, 447
S. Kodambaka, J.B. Hannon, R.M. Tromp and F.M. Ross,Nano Lett., 2006,6, 1292
M.C. Plante, J. Garrett, S.C. Ghosh, P. Kruse, H. Schriemer, T. Hall and R.R. LaPierre,Appl. Surf. Sci., 2006,253, 2348
K. Hiruma, K. Haraguchi, Y. Masamitsu, Y. Madokoro and T. Katsuyama,Nanotechn., 2006,17, S369
J. Bauer, V. Gottschalch, H. Paetzelt, G. Wagner, B. Fuhrmann and H.S. Leipner, J. Cryst.Growth, 2007,298, 625
H.J. Fan, B. Fuhrmann, R. Scholz, F. Syrowatka, A. Dadgar, A. Krost and M. Zacharias,J. Cryst. Growth, 2006,287, 34
H.J. Fan, W. Lee, R. Scholz, A. Dadgar, A. Krost, K. Nielsch and M. Zacharias,Nanotechn., 2005,16, 913
E.C. Greyson, Y. Babayan and T.W. Odom,Adv. Mater., 2004,16, 1348
T. Mårtensson, M. Borgström, W. Seifert, B.J. Ohlsson and L. Samuelson,Nanotechn., 2003,14, 1255
L.E. Jensen, M.T. Björk, S. Jeppesen, A.I. Persson, B.J. Ohlsson and L. Samuelson,Nano Lett., 2004,4, 1961
T. Mårtensson, P. Carlberg, M. Borgström, L. Montelius, W. Seifert and L. Samuelson,Nano Lett., 2004,4, 699
G. Schmid,Chem. Rev., 1992,92, 1709
Y. Cui, L.J. Lauhon, M.S. Gudiksen, J. Wang and C.M. Lieber,Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001,78, 2214
Y. Kim, H.J. Joyce, Q. Gao, H.H. Tan, C. Jagadish, M. Paladugu, J. Zou and A.A. Suvorova,Nano Lett., 2006,6, 599
A.I. Hochbaum, R. Fan, R. He and P. Yang,Nano Lett., 2005,5, 457
P.H.M. Böttger, Z. Bi, D. Adolph, K.A. Dick, L.S. Karlsson, M.N.A. Karlsson, B. Wacaser and K. Deppert,Nanotechn., 2007,18, 105304
K. Willeke and P.A. Baron “Aerosol measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications” (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993)
H.G. Scheibel and J. Porstendörfer,J. Aerosol Sci., 1983,14, 113
S. Schwyn, E. Garwin and A. Schmidt-Ott,J. Aerosol Sci., 1988,19, 639
M.H. Magnusson, K. Deppert, J.O. Malm, J.O. Bovin and L. Samuelson,J. Nanopart. Res., 1999,1, 243
L.S. Karlsson, K. Deppert and J.O. Malm,J. Nanopart. Res., 2006,8, 971
M.E. Messing, K.A. Dick, L.R. Wallenberg and K. Deppert,Gold Bull., 2009,42, 20
P. Caroff, J.B. Wagner, K.A. Dick, H.A. Nilsson, M. Jeppsson, K. Deppert, L. Samuelsson, L.R. Wallenberg and L.E. Wernersson,Small, 2008,4, 878
M. Jeppsson, K.A. Dick, H.A. Nilsson, N. Sköld, J.B. Wagner, P. Caroff and L.E. Wernersson,J. Cryst. Growth, 2008,310, 5119
M.T. Borgström, E. Norberg, P. Wickert, H.A. Nilsson, J. Trägårdh, K.A. Dick, G. Statkute, P. Ramvall, K. Deppert and L. Samuelson,Nanotechnology, 2008,19, 445602
B.J. Ohlsson, M.T. Björk, M.H. Magnusson, K. Deppert, L. Samuelson and L.R. Wallenberg,Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001,79, 3335
M.L. Ostraat, J.W. De Blauwe, M.L. Green, L.D. Bell, M.L. Brongersma, J. Casperson, R.C. Flagan and H.A. Atwater,Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001,79, 433
T.J. Krinke, K. Deppert, M.H. Magnusson and H. Fissan,Part. Part. Syst. Charact., 2002,19, 321
H. Kim, J. Kim, H. Yang, J. Suh, T. Kim, B. Han, S. Kim, D.S. Kim, P.V. Pikhitsa and M. Choi,Nature Nanotech., 2006,1, 117
B.A. Wacaser, K.A. Dick, J. Johansson, M.T. Borgström, K. Deppert and L. Samuelson,Adv. Mater., 2009,21, 153
V.A. Nebol’sin and A.A. Shchetinin,Inorg. Mater., 2003,39, 1050
J.B. Jackson, D. Kapoor, S.G. Jun and M.S. Miller,J. Appl. Phys., 2007,102, 054310
P. Nguyen, H.T. Ng and M. Meyyappan,Adv. Mater., 2005,17, 1773
H.Y. Tuan, D.C. Lee and B.A. Korgel,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006,45, 5184
H.J. Joyce, Q. Gao, H.H. Tan, C. Jagadish, Y. Kim, X. Zhang, Y. Guo and J. Zou,Nano Lett., 2007,7, 921
K.A. Dick, K. Deppert, T. Mårtensson, B. Mandl, L. Samuelson and W. Seifert,Nano Lett., 2005,5, 761
K.A. Dick, K. Deppert, L.S. Karlsson, L.R. Wallenberg, L. Samuelson and W. Seifert,Adv. Funct. Mater., 2005,15, 1603
K.A. Dick, S. Kodambaka, M.C. Reuter, K. Deppert, L. Samuelson, W. Seifert, F.M. Ross,Nano Lett., 2007,7, 1817
P. Qi, W.S. Wong, H. Zhao and D. Wang,Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008,93, 163101
I. Regolin, V. Khorenko, W. Prost, F.J. Tegude, D. Sudfeld, J. Kästner, G. Dumpich, K. Hitzbleck and H. Wiggers,J. Appl. Phys., 2007,101, 054318
F. Maretelli, S. Rubini, M. Piccin, G. Bais, F. Jabeen, S. De Franceschi, V. Grillo, E. Carlino, F. D’Acapito, F. Boscherini, S. Cabrini, M. Lazzarino, L. Businaro, F. Romanato and A. Franciosi,Nano Lett., 2006,6, 2130
J. Arbiol, B. Kalache, P. Roca i Cabarrocas, J.R. Morante and A. Fontcuberta i Morral,Nanotechn., 2007,18, 305606
Y. Wang, V. Schmidt, S. Senz and U. Gösele,Nature Nanotech., 2006,1, 186
H.A.C. McKay,Transact. Faraday Soc., 1938,34, 0845
M. Borgström, K. Deppert, L. Samuelson and W. Seifert,J. Cryst. Growth, 2004,260, 18
P. Paiano, P. Prete, N. Lovergine and A.M. Mancini,J. Appl. Phys., 2006,100, 094305
A.I. Persson, L.E. Fröberg, S. Jeppesen, M.T. Björk and L. Samuelson,J. Appl. Phys., 2007,101, 034313
M.A. Verheijen, G. Immink, T. Desmet, M.T. Borgström and E.P.A.M. Bakkers,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006,128, 1353
S. Kodambaka, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter and F.M. Ross,Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006,96, 096105
B. Hvolbæk, T.V.W. Janssens, B.S. Clausen, H. Falsig, C.H. Christensen and J.K. Nørskov,Nano Today, 2007,2, 14
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Maria E. Messing obtained her Master degree in Engineering Nanoscience 2007 at Lund University in Sweden and she is now a PhD student at Division of Solid State Physics in Lund. Her research activities include the production and characterization of nanometer-sized aerosol particles and semiconductor nanowires.
Karla Hillerich is a PhD student at Solid State Physics at Lund University, Sweden. She studied Materials Science at Stuttgart University and Max Planck Institute for Metal Research, Germany, until 2007. Her research interests are nanowire fabrication and their characterization with focus on different material combinations.
Jonas Johansson is an assistant professor at Division of Solid State Physics at Lund University in Sweden, where he also obtained his Masters and PhD degrees. His major research interest is modeling the formation mechanisms of nanostructures but he is also interested in thermodynamics of small systems.
Knut Deppert is a professor at Solid State Physics at Lund University, Sweden. His research centers on the application of aerosol methods to generate novel nanomaterials and nanodevices, in particular, size selected semiconductor nanoparticles and the creation of onedimensional semiconductor structures.
Kimberly A. Dick is a researcher at Solid State Physics at Lund University, Sweden, where she received her PhD in 2007. She completed undergraduate studies in chemical physics in Canada and the United States in 2003. Her research focuses on nanowire fabrication and structures, with particular interest in nanowire growth mechanisms.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0 ), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
About this article
Cite this article
Messing, M.E., Hillerich, K., Johansson, J. et al. The use of gold for fabrication of nanowire structures. Gold Bull 42, 172–181 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03214931
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03214931