Zusammenfassung
Der Aufsatz expliziert das von Talcott Parsons entwickelte theoretische Modell der gesellschaftlichen Gemeinschaft. Nach diesem Modell stellen die Vereinigten Staaten einen besonderen, nämlich weit von askriptiven Zugehörigkeiten entfernten Typus der gesellschaftlichen Gemeinschaft dar. Auf diesen Typus wird im Einzelnen eingegangen und seine Struktur herausgearbeitet: zivilgesellschaftliche Selbstorganisation, Pluralismus und kompetitiver Voluntarismus. Im Anschluss daran werden die gegenwärtige Mutation vom Pluralismus zum Multikulturalismus und die damit verbundene Ethnisierung des Kampfes um Gleichheit dargestellt, der im weiteren Verlauf eine Vergeschlechtlichung dieses Kampfes folgt. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Frage des verlorenen Gemeinsinns einer in den Gruppenpartikularimus zerfallenden Gesellschaft geklärt: Erscheinungsformen, Ursachen und Fehleinschätzungen.
Abstract
This article explains the theoretical model of the societal community developed by Talcott Parsons. According to this model the United States represent a peculiar type of the societal community which is far away from ascriptive membership. This type is analysed in detail. Its structure is elaborated: civic self-organization, pluralism and competitive voluntarism. The next step of the analysis spells out the present mutation from pluralism to multi-culturalism and the accompanying ethnicization of the struggle for equality which is complemented in the further development by the genderization of this struggle. Against this background the question of declining community spirit in a society falling apart in group particularism is clarified: forms of appearance, causes and false accounts.
Résumé
L’article énonce formellement le modèle théorique de la communauté sociale développée par Talcott Parsons. Selon ce modèle, les Etats Unis représentent un type particulier de communauté sociale, notamment éloigné de celles d’appartenance ascriptive et de mémoire. Les particularités de ce type sont abordées, dont la structure est analysée; auto-organisation de la société civile, pluralisme et volontarisme compétitif. Dans un deuxième temps les mutations actuelles et particulièrement l’évolution de cette société plurielle vers une société multiculturelle, ainsi que l’évolution du caractère ethnique de la lutte pour l’égalité vers un antagonisme de genre sont examinées. En dernier, dans ce scénario, la question de la perte du sens communautaire d’une société qui se décompose en un particularisme des groupes (communautarisme) est analysée: phénoménologie, raisons ainsi que les erreurs de jugements répandues à cet égard.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Literatur
Abraham, Henry J. (1977): Freedom and the Court: Civil Rights and Liberties in the United States. 3. Auflage, New York: Oxford University Press.
Ackerman, Bruce (1991): We, the People. Foundations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Almond, Gabriel A./Sidney Verba (1963): The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in 5 Nations. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Barber, Benjamin R. (1984): Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bellah, Robert N. (1970): Civil Religion in America. In: Ders., Beyond Belief. Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World. New York: Harper & Row, S. 168–189.
Bellah, Robert N./Richard Madsen/ William M. Sullivan/ Ann Swidler/ Steven M. Tipton (1985): Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bellah, Robert N./Richard Madsen/ William M. Sullivan/ Ann Swidler/ Steven M. Tipton (1991): The Good Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Bellah, Robert N./Richard Madsen/ William M. Sullivan/ Ann Swidler/ Steven M. Tipton (1992): Gegen die Tyrannei des Marktes. In: Frankfurter Rundschau, 28.1.1992, S. 9.
Bennett, W. Lance (1998): The Uncivic Culture: Communication, Identity, and the Rise of Lifestyle Politics. In: Political Science and Politics 31, S. 741–761.
Berthoff, Rowland (1971): An Unsettled People: Social Order and Disorder in American History. New York: Harper & Row.
Betz, Hans-Georg. (1994): Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Bischoff, Volker/Marino Mania (1991): Melting Pot-Mythen als Szenarien amerikanischer Identität zur Zeit der New Immigration. In: Bernhard Giesen (Hrsg.), Nationale und kulturelle Identität. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, S. 513–536.
Bloch, Ruth (1985): Visionary Republic. Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756–1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
Borchert, Jens/Stephan Lessenich/ Peter Lösche (Hrsg.) (1997): Standortrisiko Wohlfahrtsstaat? Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
Burns, Stewart (1990): Social Movements of the 1960s: Searching for Democracy. Boston: Twayne Publishers.
Cohen, Jean/Andrew Arato (1994): Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press.
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de (1904 [1782]): Letters from an American Farmer. Hrsg. von Ludwig Lewisöhn. New York: Fox, Ruffield & Co.
Daniels, Roger (1990): Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. New York: Harper Collins.
Donziger, Steven R. (Hrsg.) (1996): The Real War on Crime. The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: Harper Perennial.
Etzioni, Amitai (1993): The Spirit of Community. Rights, Responsibilities and the Communitarian Agenda. New York: Crown.
Euchner, Charles C. (1996): Extraordinary Politics. How Protest and Dissent Are Changing American Democracy, Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.
Franklin, Benjamin (1961): The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. Vol 4: July 1, 1750 through June 20, 1753. Hrsg. von Leonard W. Labaree/ Whitefield J. Bell, Jr. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Glazer, Nathan (1987): Affirmitive Discrimination. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Glazer, Nathan (1997): We are All Multiculturalists Now. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Glazer, Nathan/Daniel P. Moynihan (1970): Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Godechot, Jacques (1983): La Grande Nation: l’expansion révolutionnaire de la France dans le monde de 1789 à 1799. Paris: Aubier.
Gordon, Milton M. (1964): Assimilation in American Life. The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen (1992): Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaates. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Haller, Max (1997): Klassenstruktur und Arbeitslosigkeit — Die Entwicklung zwischen 1960 und 1990. In: Stefan Hradil/ Stefan Immerfall (Hrsg.), Die westeuropäischen Gesellschaften im Vergleich. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, S. 377–428.
Heideking, Jürgen (2000): The Constitution, Festive Culture, and America’s National Identity. In: Roland Hagenbüchle/ Joseph Raab (Hrsg.), Negotiations of Americas National Identity. Vol. 1. Tübingen: Stauffenberg Verlag, S. 95–136.
Hollinger, David A. (1995): Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism. New York: Basic Books.
Immerfall, Stefan (1997): Soziale Integration in den westeuropäischen Gesellschaften: Werte, Mitgliedschaften und Netzwerke. In: Stefan Hradil/ Stefan Immerfall (Hrsg.), Die westeuropäischen Gesellschaften im Vergleich. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, S. 139–173.
Jauß, Claudia (1999): Politik als Verhandlungsmarathon. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Joppke, Christian (1999): Immigration and the Nation State. The United States, Germany and Great Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kalberg, Stephen (1997): Tocqueville and Weber on the Sociological Origins of Citizenship: The Political Culture of American Democracy. In: Citizenship Studies 1, S. 199–222.
Kallen, Horace (1956): Cultural Pluralism and the American Idea. An Essay in Social Philosophy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Karst, Kenneth L. (1989): Belonging to America: Equal Citizenship and the Constitution. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Keister, Lisa A. (2000): Wealth in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
King, David C. (1997): The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust in Government. In: Joseph S. Nye, Jr./ Phillip Zelikow/ David C. King (Hrsg.), Why People Don’t Trust Government. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Kymlicka, Will (1995): Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will (2001): Politics in the Vernacular. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Legomsky, Stephan H. (1987): Immigration and the Judiciary: Law and Politics in Britain and America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lind, Michael (1995): The Next American Nation. The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution. New York: Free Press.
Lipset, Seymour M. (1979): The First New Nation. New York: Norton.
Lipset, Seymour M. (1996): American Exceptionalism. A Double-Edged Sword. New York: Norton.
Loeffelholz, Hans Dietrich von (1998): Wirtschaft. In: Willi P. Adams/ Peter Lösche (Hrsg.), Länderbericht USA. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
Lofgren, Charles A. (1987): The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Marshall, Thomas H. (1964): Class, Citizenship and Social Development. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
McDonald, Forrest (1985): Novus Ordo Seculorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Mead, George H. (1968): Geist, Identität und Gesellschaft. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Miller, Perry (1956): Errand into the Wilderness. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Munch, Richard (1993): Das Projekt Europa. Zwischen Nationalstaat, regionaler Autonomie und Weltgesellschaft. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Münch, Richard (2001a): The Ethics of Modernity. Formation and Transformation in Britain, France, Germany and the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Münch, Richard (2001b): Nation and Citizenship in the Global Age. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Murswieck, Axel (1998): Gesellschaft. In: Willi Paul Adams/ Peter Lösche (Hrsg.), Länderbericht USA. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, S. 621–718.
Nelson, Joel I. (1995): Post-Industrial Capitalism. Exploring Economic Inequality in America. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Nelson, William E. (1988): The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Neumann, Gerald L. (1996): Strangers to the Constitution: Immigrants, Borders and Fundamental Law. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
OECD (2000): Employment Outlook. Paris.
Olson, Mancur, Jr. (1965): The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Pangle, Thomas L. (1988): The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Parsons, Talcott (1969): Full Citizenship for the Negro American? In: Ders., Politics and Social Structure. New York: Free Press, S. 422–465.
Parsons, Talcott (1971): The System of Modern Societies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Parsons, Talcott (1977): Some Theoretical Considerations on the Nature and Trends of Change of Ethnicity. In: Ders., Social Systems and the Evolution of Action Theory. New York: Free Press, S. 381–404.
Parsons, Talcott (1979): The American Societal Community. Ms. Cambridge, Mass.: Parsons Archives, Harvard University.
Putnam, Robert D. (1995): Turning In, Turning Out. The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America. In: Political Science and Politics 28, S. 664–683.
Riesebrodt, Martin (1990): Fundamentalismus als patriarchalische Protestbewegung. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck.
Rubio-Marin, Ruth (2000): Immigration As a Democratic Challenge. Citizenship and Inclusion in Germany and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rucht, Dieter (1994): Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen. Frankfurt a.M./New York: Campus.
Scatamburlo, Valerie L. (1998): Soldiers of Misfortune. The New Right’s Culture and the Politics of Political Correctness. New York: Peter Lang.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1992): The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society. New York: Norton.
Schmidt, Alvin J. (1997): The Menace of Multi-culturalism. Trojan Horse in America. West-port, CT: Praeger.
Schneider, David M. (1968): American Kinship: A Cultural Account. Englewood Cliffs., N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Schneider, David M. (1969): Kinship, Religion and Nationality. In: Robert F. Spencer (Hrsg.), Forms of Symbolic Action. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Schwarze, Johannes (1999): Der Einfluß alternativer Konzeptionen von Alterssicherungssystemen auf Sicherungsniveau, Altersarmut und Einkommensverteilung: Ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und USA. In: Richard Hauser (Hrsg.), Alternative Konzeptionen der sozialen Sicherung. Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik. Neue Folge Band 265. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, S. 127–168.
Sennett, Richard (1998): Der flexible Mensch. Die Kultur des neuen Kapitalismus. Berlin: Berlin Verlag.
Simmel, Georg (1992 [1908]): Soziologie. Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Siriami, Carmen/Lewis Friedland (2001): Civic Innovation in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Skocpol, Theda (1998): Don’t Blame Big Government. America’s Voluntary Groups Thrive in a National Network. In: E.J. Dionne Jr. (Hrsg.), Community Works. The Revival of Civil Society in America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Smelser, Neil J./Jeffrey C. Alexander (Hrsg.) (1999): Diversity and Its Discontents. Cultural Conflict, and Common Ground in Contemporary American Society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Spinner, Jeff (1994): The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity and Nationality in the Liberal State. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tiryakian, Edward A. (1983): Puritan America in the Modern World: Mission Impossible? In: Sociological Analysis 43, S. 351–367.
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1976): Über die Demokratie in Amerika. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975): Statistical Abstract of the United States 1975. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1981): Statistical Abstract of the United States 1981. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992a): Current Population Reports, Consumer Income. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992b): Statistical Abstract of the United States 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
US National Center for Education Statistics (1996): Youth Indicators 1996: Indicator 53. Volunteer Work and Community Affairs, Washington.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a): Current Population Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996b): Poverty 1995. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Verba, Sidney/Kay L. Schlozman/ Henry E. Brady (1995): Voice and Equality. Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Walzer, Michael (1990a): The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism. In: Political Theory 18, S. 6–23.
Walzer, Michael (1990b): Kritik und Gemeinsinn. Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag.
Walzer, Michael (1992a): What it Means To Be An American. New York: Marsilio Publishers.
Walzer, Michael (1992b): Zivile Gesellschaft und amerikanische Demokratie. Berlin: Rotbuch.
Weber, Eugen (1976): Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Weber, Max (1972 [1920]): Die protestantischen Sekten und der Geist des Kapitalismus. In: M. Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Bd. 1. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, S. 207–236.
Weil, Patrick (1995): La France et ses étrangers — l’aventure de la politique française de l’immigration de 1938 à nos jours. Paris: Folio/Gallimard.
Winthrop, John (1968): Winthrop Papers, vol. II. In: The Massachusetts Historical Society 1931. New York: Russel & Russel.
Wuthnow, Robert (1988): The Restructuring of American Religion. Society and Faith since World War II. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Wuthnow, Robert (1991): Acts of Compassion. Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Wuthnow, Robert (1994): Sharing the Journey. Support Groups and America’s New Quest for Community. New York: Free Press.
Wuthnow, Robert (1995): Learning to Care. Elementary Kindness in an Age of Indifference. New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, Iris M. (1990): Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Münch, Richard (2001b): Nation and Citizenship in the Global Age. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Murswieck, Axel (1998): Gesellschaft. In: Willi Paul Adams/ Peter Lösche (Hrsg.), Länderbericht USA. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, S. 621–718.
Nelson, Joel I. (1995): Post-Industrial Capitalism. Exploring Economic Inequality in America. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Nelson, William E. (1988): The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Neumann, Gerald L. (1996): Strangers to the Constitution: Immigrants, Borders and Fundamental Law. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
OECD (2000): Employment Outlook. Paris.
Olson, Mancur, Jr. (1965): The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Pangle, Thomas L. (1988): The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Parsons, Talcott (1969): Full Citizenship for the Negro American? In: Ders., Politics and Social Structure. New York: Free Press, S. 422–465.
Parsons, Talcott (1971): The System of Modern Societies. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Parsons, Talcott (1977): Some Theoretical Considerations on the Nature and Trends of Change of Ethnicity. In: Ders., Social Systems and the Evolution of Action Theory. New York: Free Press, S. 381–404.
Parsons, Talcott (1979): The American Societal Community. Ms. Cambridge, Mass.: Parsons Archives, Harvard University.
Putnam, Robert D. (1995): Turning In, Turning Out. The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America. In: Political Science and Politics 28, S. 664–683.
Riesebrodt, Martin (1990): Fundamentalismus als patriarchalische Protestbewegung. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck.
Rubio-Marin, Ruth (2000): Immigration As a Democratic Challenge. Citizenship and Inclusion in Germany and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rucht, Dieter (1994): Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen. Frankfurt a.M./New York: Campus.
Scatamburlo, Valerie L. (1998): Soldiers of Misfortune. The New Right’s Culture and the Politics of Political Correctness. New York: Peter Lang.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1992): The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society. New York: Norton.
Schmidt, Alvin J. (1997): The Menace of Multi-culturalism. Trojan Horse in America. West-port, CT: Praeger.
Schneider, David M. (1968): American Kinship: A Cultural Account. Englewood Cliffs., N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Schneider, David M. (1969): Kinship, Religion and Nationality. In: Robert F. Spencer (Hrsg.), Forms of Symbolic Action. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Schwarze, Johannes (1999): Der Einfluß alternativer Konzeptionen von Alterssicherungssystemen auf Sicherungsniveau, Altersarmut und Einkommensverteilung: Ein Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und USA. In: Richard Hauser (Hrsg.), Alternative Konzeptionen der sozialen Sicherung. Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik. Neue Folge Band 265. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, S. 127–168.
Sennett, Richard (1998): Der flexible Mensch. Die Kultur des neuen Kapitalismus. Berlin: Berlin Verlag.
Simmel, Georg (1992 [1908]): Soziologie. Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
Siriami, Carmen/Lewis Friedland (2001): Civic Innovation in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Skocpol, Theda (1998): Don’t Blame Big Government. America’s Voluntary Groups Thrive in a National Network. In: E.J. Dionne Jr. (Hrsg.), Community Works. The Revival of Civil Society in America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Smelser, Neil J./Jeffrey C. Alexander (Hrsg.) (1999): Diversity and Its Discontents. Cultural Conflict, and Common Ground in Contemporary American Society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Spinner, Jeff (1994): The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity and Nationality in the Liberal State. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tiryakian, Edward A. (1983): Puritan America in the Modern World: Mission Impossible? In: Sociological Analysis 43, S. 351–367.
Tocqueville, Alexis de (1976): Über die Demokratie in Amerika. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975): Statistical Abstract of the United States 1975. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1981): Statistical Abstract of the United States 1981. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992a): Current Population Reports, Consumer Income. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992b): Statistical Abstract of the United States 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
US National Center for Education Statistics (1996): Youth Indicators 1996: Indicator 53. Volunteer Work and Community Affairs, Washington.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a): Current Population Survey, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996b): Poverty 1995. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Verba, Sidney/Kay L. Schlozman/ Henry E. Brady (1995): Voice and Equality. Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Walzer, Michael (1990a): The Communitarian Critique of Liberalism. In: Political Theory 18, S. 6–23.
Walzer, Michael (1990b): Kritik und Gemeinsinn. Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag.
Walzer, Michael (1992a): What it Means To Be An American. New York: Marsilio Publishers.
Walzer, Michael (1992b): Zivile Gesellschaft und amerikanische Demokratie. Berlin: Rotbuch.
Weber, Eugen (1976): Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Weber, Max (1972 [1920]): Die protestantischen Sekten und der Geist des Kapitalismus. In: M. Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Bd. 1. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, S. 207–236.
Weil, Patrick (1995): La France et ses étrangers — l’aventure de la politique française de l’immigration de 1938 à nos jours. Paris: Folio/Gallimard.
Winthrop, John (1968): Winthrop Papers, vol. II. In: The Massachusetts Historical Society 1931. New York: Russel & Russel.
Wuthnow, Robert (1988): The Restructuring of American Religion. Society and Faith since World War II. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Wuthnow, Robert (1991): Acts of Compassion. Caring for Others and Helping Ourselves. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Wuthnow, Robert (1994): Sharing the Journey. Support Groups and America’s New Quest for Community. New York: Free Press.
Wuthnow, Robert (1995): Learning to Care. Elementary Kindness in an Age of Indifference. New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, Iris M. (1990): Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Münch, R. Die Grenzen der zivilgesellschaftlichen Selbstorganisation. Berl. J. Soziol. 12, 445–465 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03204071
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03204071