Abstract
The Triassic Breccias of the Ionian zone are typical evaporite dissolution collapse breccias. Several features indicate the pre-existence of evaporites, while alternation of dolomites and evaporites consist a very common association in the subsurface.
Brecciation took place in two principal brecciation stages. The first brecciation stage started soon after deposition, during a period of subaerial exposure due to periodic seasonal desiccation and small-scale meteoric removal of intrastratal evaporites. During this stage, the carbonate beds suffered in-situ breakage and carbonate mud infiltrated into fractures.
Shortly after, a major brecciation event occurred, that affected the still non-well lithified carbonate fragments, due to progressive dissolution of evaporites by meteoric water. Carbonate mud continues to be infiltrated in-between the breccia fragments. In the same time, intensive calichification processes were responsible for further brecciation and reworking of the brecciated carbonate beds locally sediments, testifying a period of temporary regional emergence (paleosoil).
The breccia matrix is characterized by microbreccioid appearance, resulting from internal brecciation of the coarser clasts. Due to early calichification, the matrix becomes enriched in oxidized clays and by pronounced calichification tends to assimilate the breccia clasts, being gradually transformed into a calcrete with floating texture.
Clasts microfacies types include phytoclasts with strongly impregnated by Fe-oxides laminae (laminar calcrete), carbonized plant tissue, lime and dolomitic mudstones with evidence of former evaporites (dolomite/calcite pseudomorphs after gypsum and/or void-filling anhydrite cement, molds after evaporite nodules, euhedral quartz crystals etc.), carbonate fragments pseudomorphic after evaporites, pelsparites/ intrasparites, recrystallized dolomites and dedolomites.
The predominance of shallow intertidal to supratidal carbonate fragments, indicates that the strata that gave birth to the breccia, formed in a very shallow, restricted, hypersaline, lagoonal setting, evolved into sabkha sequences in the frame of a lowstand episode. Sedimentation of dolomite and evaporite is considered that has taken place during arid periods, while meteoric water influx during the wetter intervals. During that lowstand episode, that resulted in a hiatus interval, the breccias have suffered intensive calichification. Circulating pore-fluid brines resulting from evaporation, provoked syngenetic to early diagenetic dolomitization of muds, by increase of molar Mg/Ca ratio and provided ions for evaporite nodules/crystal growth.
Post-Pliocene to Recent subaerial exposure of the carbonate breccias, led to intensive soil-forming processes, active till today, that accentuated the brecciated appearance of the formation. These processes are responsible for the formation of porous carbonate breccias, the so-called “rauhwackes”.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ADAMS, J.E. and RHODES, M.L., 1960, Dolomitization by seepage refluxion:Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 44, p. 1912–1920.
AMTHOR, J.E. and FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1991, Dolomite-rock textures secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico:Sedimentology, v. 38, p. 343–362.
AUBOUIN, J., 1959, Contribution à l’étude géologique de la Grèce septentrionale: les confins de l’Epire et de la Thessalie. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques series 1, v. X, p. 1–483.
BEALES, F.W. and HARDY, J.L., 1980, Criteria for the recognition of diverse dolomite types with an emphasis on studies on host rocks for Mississippi Valley-type or deposits:Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication No. 28, p. 197–213.
BLOUNT, D.N and MOORE, C.H., 1969, Depositional and non depositional carbonate breccias, Chiantha quadrangle, Guatemala:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 80, p. 429–442.
BORNOVAS, J., 1960, Observations nouvelles sur la géologie des zones préapulenne et ionienne (Grèce occidentale):Bulletin de la Societé Géologique France, v. 7, II, p. 410–414.
BP — BRITISH PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED, 1971, The geological results of petroleum exploration in western Greece:Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research, v. 10, 73 p.
CARISSIMO, L., AGOSTINO, O. d’, LODDO, C., and PIERI, M., 1963, Petroleum Exploration by AGIP Mineraria and new geological information in central and southern Italy from the Abruzzi to the Taranto gulf. VI Congres Mondial du Petrole, Frankfurt-am-Main, sect. I, (27).
CIARAPICA, G., CIRILLI, S., PASSERI, L., TRINCIANTI, E., and ZANINETTI L., 1987, “Anidriti di Burano” et “formation du Monte Cetona” (nouvelle formation), biostratigraphie de deux séries-types du Trias supérieur dans l’Apennin septentrional:Revue de Paléobiologie, v. 6, p. 341–409.
CLAEYS, PH., HERBOSCH, A., and PREAT, A., 1988, Collapse breccia: a possible explanation for the “Grand Breche Viseenne” of Dinant and Namur basins (Belgium), p. 273–286in Exc. Guidebook-9th European Regional Meeting of the IAS, ed. by A. Herbosch, Ministry for Economic Affairs, Belgian Geological Society.
DRAGASTAN, O., PAPANIKOS, D., and PAPANIKOS, P., 1985, Foraminifères, Algues et microproblematica du Trias de Messopotamos, Epire (Grèce continentale):Revue de Micropaleontologie, v. 27, p. 244–248.
FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1965, Terminology of crystallization textures and fabrics in sedimentary rocks:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 35, p. 643–655.
FRIEDMAN, G.M., 1997, Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting frpm dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates:Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 12, p. 53–63.
FRIEDMAN, G.M. and SHUKLA, V., 1980, Significance of authigenic quartz euhedra after sulfates: example from the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian) of New York:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 1299–1304.
IGRS-IFP, 1966, Etude géologique de l’Epire (Grèce nordoccidentale). Ed. Technip, Paris, 306 p.
KARAKITSIOS, V., 1992, Ouverture et inversion tectonique du bassin Ionien (Epire, Grèce). Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, series 1, v. 35, p. 185–318.
KARAKITSIOS, V., 1995, The influence of Preexisting Structure and Halokinesis on Organic Matter Preservation and Thrust System Evolution in the Ionian Basin, Northwest Greece:American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, p. 960–980.
KARAKITSIOS, V. and TSAILA-MONOPOLIS, S., 1990, Données nouvelles sur les niveaux inférieurs (Trias supérieur) de la série calcaire Ionienne en Epire (Grèce continentale), Coséquences stratigraphiques:Revue de Paléobiologie, v. 9, p. 139–147.
KARAKITSIOS, V. and RIGAKIS, N., 1996, New oil source rocks cut in Greek Ionian basin:Oil & Gas Journal, v. 94, p. 56–60.
KLAPPA, C.F., 1980, Rhizoliths in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance:Sedimentology, v. 27, p. 613–629.
LOGAN, B.W., HOFFMAN, P., and GEBELEIN, C.D, 1974, Algal mats, cryptalgal fabrics and structures, Hamelin Pool, Western Australia.In Evolution and Diagenesis of Quaternary Carbonate Sequences. Shark Bay, Western Australia, ed. by B.W. Logan et al., Memoirs of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 22, p. 140–194.
MAMET, B., CLAYES, PH., HERBOSCH, A., PREAT, A. and WOLFOUWICZ, PH., 1986, La “Grande Brèche” Viséenne (V3a) des bassins de Namur et de Dinant (Belgique) est probablement une brèche d’effodrement:Bulletin de la Societé Géologique Belgique, v. 95, p. 151–166.
McWHAE, J.R.H., 1953, The Carboniferous breccia of Bellefjorden:Geological Magazine, v. 90, p. 287–298.
MIDDLETON, G.V., 1961, Evaporite solution breccias from the Mississippian of southwest Montana:Sedimentary Petrology, v. 31, p. 189–195.
MILLER R.G., 1990, A paleoceanographic approach to the Kimmeridge clay formation.In Huc, A.Y., ed., Deposition of organic facies. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology, v. 30, p. 13–26.
MORROW, D.W., 1982, Descriptive field classification of sedimentary and diagenetic breccia fabrics in carbonate rocks:Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 30, p. 227–229.
PERYT, T.M. and SCHOLLE, P.A., 1996, Regional setting of meteoric water in dolomite formation and diagenesis in an evaporite basin: studies in the Zechstein (Peruvian) deposits of Poland:Sedimentology, v. 43, p. 1005–1023.
POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU, F., 1980, Genesis-Diagenesis of Triassic Breccias and Nodular Gupsum of Epirus (western Greece) Mineral and Petrology Research, Athens (in Greece), v. 2, 299 p.
POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU, F., 1983, Studiul Petrographic si Sedimentologic Al Evaporitelor Triasice din Regiunea Epir (1983). Teza de Doctorat, Universitatea Bucuresti, 190 p., (unpublished).
POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU, F., 1985, The sedimentology and depositional environment of the Triassic dolomite-gypsum facies of western Greece. 6th European regional meeting of the International Association of Sedimentologists, p. 367–368.
POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU, F. and TSAILA-MONOPOLIS, S., 1983, Petrographical, sedimentological and micropaleontological studies of an evaporite outcrop, West of Ziros lake (Epirus-Greece):Rivista Italiana di Paleontogiae Stratigrafia, Milano, v. 88, p. 387–400.
POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU, F. and DORNSIEPEN, U., 1987, Post-Pliocene Calichified Solution-Collapse Breccia from Eastern Crete, Greece:Facies, v. 18, p. 169–180.
POMONI-PAPAIOANNOU, F. and CAROTSIERIS, Z., 1993, Dolomitization patterns in Jurassic-Cretaceous dissolution-collapse breccias of Mainalon Mountain (Tripolis Unit, central Peloponnesus-Greece):Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 8, p. 9–22.
POWEL, T.G., 1986, Petroleum geochemistry and depositional setting of lacustrine source rocks:Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 3, p. 200–219.
RENZ, C., 1955, Die vorneogene Stratigraphie der normal-sedimentären Formationen Griechenlands. Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research. Athènes, 637 p.
SIBLEY, D.F. and GREGG, J.M., 1987, Classification of dolomite rock textures:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 967–975.
STANTON, R.J., 1966, The solution brecciation process:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 77, p. 843–848.
SWENNEN, R., VIAENE, W., and CORNELISSEN, C., 1990, Petrography and geochemistry of the Belle Roche breccia (lower Visean, Belgium): evidence for brecciation by evaporite dissolution:Sedimentology, v. 37, p. 859–878.
WRIGHT, V.P., PLATT, N.H., and WIMBLETON W.A., 1988, Biogenic laminar calcretes: evidence of calcified root-mat horizons in paleosols:Sedimentology, v. 35, p. 603–620.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Karakitsios, V., Pomoni-Papaioannou, F. Sedimentological study of the triassic solution-collapse Breccias of the Ionian zone (NW Greece). Carbonates Evaporites 13, 207–218 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03176594
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03176594