Summary
What role do infant and toddler teachers play in transmitting their culture? Symbolic and cultural mediation approaches suggest children learn how to be members of their culture through social interactions and that this process begins at least by 9 months of age if not from birth. In previous cross-cultural studies of early childhood programs, teachers’ practices seem to reflect and be a part of their culture’s system of meanings. Some would say that cultural values are a type of hidden curriculum. This article examines practices in American infant and toddler child care contrasting them with Swedish infant and toddler child care using a symbolic and cultural mediation approach in order to understand the ways that infant and toddler teachers are involved in transmitting their culture in the United States and to some extent in Sweden. The United States is a highly individualistic culture, while Sweden has a particular mix of individualistic and group-oriented values. These differences can be seen in how teachers react when toddlers have disagreements over possession of a toy. In the United States teachers emphasize a child’s right to possession if the child had the toy first, whereas in Sweden children are encouraged to feel solidarity with those who have less. In addition, daily activities, the structure of children’s groups, and the physical design and placement of child care centers are examined as aspects of child care programs through which American and Swedish teachers of infants and toddlers transmit their culture to young children.
Résumé
Quel rôle les éducateurs de nourrissons et de jeunes enfants jouent-ils dans la transmission de leur culture? Les approches de la médiation symbolique et culturelle suggèrent que les enfants apprennent à être membres de leur culture à travers les interactions sociales et que ce processus commence au moins à l’âge de 9 mois sinon dès la naissance. Dans des études trans-culturelles antérieures sur les services à la petite enfance, les pratiques des éducateurs semblent refléter et faire partie du système de signification de leur culture. On pourrait en conclure que le transfert de valeurs culturelles représente une sorte de programme caché. Cet article étudie les pratiques dans des services de garde états-uniens en les comparant avec les pratiques dans des crèches suédoises, suivant la démarche de la médiation symbolique et culturelle afin de comprendre comment les éducateurs participent à la transmission de leur culture aux États-Unis et, dans une certaine mesure, en Suède. La culture des États-Unis est extrêmement individualiste, alors que la Suède a un mélange unique de valeurs individualistes et communautaires. Ces différences peuvent se voir dans la façon dont les éducateurs réagissent quand les enfants se disputent la propriété d’un jouet. Aux États-Unis, les éducateurs mettent l’accent sur le droit de propriété si l’enfant avait le jouet en premier, alors qu’en Suède, les enfants sont encouragés à se sentir solidaires de ceux qui possèdent moins. Aussi, les activités quotidiennes, la structure des groupes d’enfants ainsi que l’aménagement physique et l’emplacement des crèches sont étudiés en tant qu’aspects des programmes de crèche à travers lesquels les éducateurs états-uniens et suédois transmettent leur culture aux jeunes enfants.
Resumen
¿ Qué papel tienen los maestros de infantes y niños pequeños en la trasmisión de su cultura? Los enfoques simbólicos y los de mediación culturales sugieren que los niños aprenden a ser miembros de su cultura por medio de interacciones sociales y que este proceso empieza, por lo menos, a los nueve meses de edad, si es que no empieza desde el nacimiento. En previos estudios transoulturales de programas de la temprana infancia, las prácticas de los maestros parecen reflejar y ser parte del sistema semántico de su cultura. Algunos dirían que los valores culturales son algún tipo de currículo oculto. Este artículo examina las prácticas en el cuidado de infantes y niños pequeños estadounidenses en contraste con el cuidado de infantes y niños pequeños suecos utilizando un enfoque de mediación simbólico y cultural con el fin de entender las maneras en que los maestros de infantes y niños pequeños se involucran en la trasmisión de su cultura en los Estados Unidos y hasta cierto punto en Suecia. Estados Unidos es una cultura altamente individualista, mientras que Suecia tiene una mexcla particular de individualista con valores de orientación grupal. Estas diferencias se pueden observar en la manera como los maestros reaccionan cuando los niños tienen desacuerdos sobre la posesión de un juguete. En los Estados Unidos los maestros enfatizan el derecho del niño a la posesión si el niño había tomado el juguete primero, mientras que en Suecia se anima a los niños a que sientan solidaridad con los que tienen menos. Además, se examinan las actividades diarias, la estructura de los grupos de niños, y el diseño físico y la localización de las guarderías, como aspectos de los programas de cuidado de niños, a través de los cuales, los maestros de infantes y niños pequeños, estadounidenses y suecos, transmiten su cultura a niños pequeños.
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Test, J.E. Infant and toddler teachers as transmitters of culture. IJEC 38, 47–63 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03165977
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03165977
Keywords
- child care
- culture
- infants
- teacher
- toodlers