References
E. Havinga and J. Cornelisse,Pure Appl. Chem.,47, 1 (1976).
J. den Heijer, Thesis, Leiden (1977).
H. C. H. A. van Riel, Thesis, Leiden (1977).
J. J. Tamminga, Thesis, Leiden, to be published.
A. V. El’tsov, O. V. Kul’bitskaya, and A. N. Frolov,J. Org. Chem. USSR,8, 78 (1972).
S. Nilsson,Acta Chem. Scand.,27, 329 (1973).
P. Brasem, J. G. Lammers, J. Cornelisse, J. Lugtenburg, and E. Havinga,Tetrahedron Letters, 685 (1972). b. C. M. Lok and E. Havinga,Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap. B77, 15 (1974).
R. A. Rossi and J. F. Bunnett,J. Org. Chem.,38, 1407 (1973).
M. B. Groen and E. Havinga,Mol. Photochem.,6, 9 (1974).
G. P. de Gunst and E. Havinga,Tetrahedron,29, 2167 (1973).
J. den Heijer, T. Spee, G. P. de Gunst, and J. Cornelisse,Tetrahedron Letters, 1261 (1973).
J. G. Lammers, Thesis, Leiden (1974).
J. Cornelisse and E. Havinga,Chem. Rev.,75, 353 (1975).
R. O. de Jongh and E. Havinga,Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas,85, 275 (1966).
R. L. Letsinger and J. H. McCain,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,88, 2884 (1966).
A. van Vliet, M. E. Kronenberg, J. Cornelisse, and E. Havinga,Tetrahedron,26, 1061 (1970).
R. L. Letsinger, O. B. Ramsay, and J. H. McCain,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,87, 2945 (1965).
S. de Vries and E. Havinga,Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas,84, 601 (1965).
R. L. Letsinger and J. H. McCain,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,91, 6425 (1969).
J. A. Barltrop, N. J. Bunce, and A. Thomson,J. Chem. Soc., C, 1142 (1967).
J. den Heijer, O. B. Shadid, J. Cornelisse, and E. Havinga,Tetrahedron,33, 779 (1977).
G. Lodder and E. Havinga,Tetrahedron,28, 5583 (1972).
C. D. Ritchie,Acc. Chem. Res.,5, 348 (1972).
S. Andreades and E. W. Zahnow,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,91, 4181 (1969).
L. Eberson and B. Helgée,Acta Chem. Scand., B,29, 451 (1975).
C. E. Moore, Atomic Energy Levels, National Bureau of Standards (1949).
J. Hinze and H. H. Jaffé,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,84, 540 (1962).
W. Th. A. M. van der Lugt, Thesis, Leiden (1968).
F. L. Plantenga, J. den Heijer, and C. A. G. O. Varma, to be published.
E. J. Hart and M. Anbar, “The Hydrated Electron,” Wiley Interscience, New York, N.Y. (1970). b. L. I. Grossweiner and H. I. Joschek, “Solvated Electron,” Advances in Chemistry Series 50, American Chemical Society (1965).
A. J. Bard, A. Ledwith, and J. Shine, “Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry,” Volume 13, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976).
P. O’Neill, S. Steenken, and D. Schulte-Frohlinde,J. Phys. Chem.,79, 2773 (1975).
D. F. Nijhoff and E. Havinga,Tetrahedron Letters, 4199 (1965).
A. N. Frolov, N. A. Kuznetsova, A. V. El’tsov, and N. I. Rtishchev,J. Org. Chem. USSR,9, 988 (1973) and references cited therein.
S. de Vries, Thesis, Leiden (1970).
R. O. de Jongh, Thesis, Leiden (1965).
J. L. Stratenus, Thesis, Leiden (1966).
C. A. G. O. Varma, F. L. Plantenga, C. A. M. van den Ende, P. H. M. van Zeyl, J. J. Tamminga and J. Cornelisse,Chem. Phys.,22, 475 (1977).
M. J. Strauss,Chem. Rev.,70, 667 (1970).
R. Foster and C. A. Fyfe,Rev. Pure Appl. Chem.,16, 61 (1966); M. R. Crampton,Advan. Phys. Org. Chem.,7, 211 (1969).
cf. R. C. Dougherty,J. Am. Chem. Soc.,93, 7187 (1971).
E. Havinga, “Reactivity of the Photoexcited Organic Molecule,” p. 201, Wiley, New York, N.Y. (1967).
B. R. Henry and W. Siebrand, “Organic Molecular Photophysics,” Vol. I, p. 155, Wiley, New York, N.Y. (1973).
M. A. El-Sayed,J. Chem. Phys.,38, 2834 (1963).
G. Illuminati, “Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry,” Vol. 3, p. 285, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1964).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cornelisse, J., Lodder, G. & Havinga, E. Pathways and intermediates of nucleophilic aromatic photosubstitution reactions. Reviews of Chemical Intermediates 2, 231–265 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03156000
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03156000