References
H. Meyer, Monatsh. Chem., 30(1909)165, and Ber., 42(1909)143.
Y. Hirshberg, Compt. Rend., 231(1950)903, J. Chem. Soc., (1953)629, and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78(1956)2304.
(a) A. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and S. Sharafy-Ozeri, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95(1973)6177. (b) A. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and G. Seger, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, (1976)1536. (c) E. Fischer et al., Pure Appl. Chem., 24(1970)531. (This review contains a wealth of experimental results which will not be described in the present review). (d) R. Korenstein, G. Seger, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, (1977)550. Biacridans. (e) R. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin II, (1977)564. Dihydrodianthrylidenes. (f) R. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, J. Photochem., 5(1976)345. Dithioxanthylidenes. (g) R. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, Molec. Photochem., 3(1972)379; J. Photochem., 5(1976)447. Dixanthylidenes. (h) R. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat, M.A. Slifkin and E. Fischer, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin II, (1976)438. Dixanthylidenes.
(i) R. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, Chem. Phys. Lett., 36(1975)509. Perturbers. (j) T. Bercovici, G. Fischer and E. Fischer, Israel J. Chem., 7(1969)127, and 8(1970)277. Dianthrones. (k) R. Korenstein, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, helv. Chim. Acta, 59(1976)1826. Irreversible photochemistry of dianthrone. (l) T. Bercovici and E. Fischer, Helv. Chim. Acta, 56(1973)1114. Triplet dianthrones. (m) T. Bercovic, R. Korenstein, G. Fischer and E. Fischer, J. Phys. Chem., 80(1976)108. Triplet dianthrones. (n) E.W. Förster and E. Fischer, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Comm., (1972)1315. Triplet dianthrones.
(a) A. Schönberg, Ber., 58(1925)580. (b) A. Schönberg and O. Schutz, Ber., 61(1928)478. (c) A. Schönberg, A. Mustafa and W. Asker, J. Chem. Soc., (1947)847. (d) A. Schönberg and W. Asker, Chem. Rev., 37(1945)1. (e) A. Schönberg, A.F.A. Ismail and W. Asker, J. Chem. Soc., (1947)442. (f) A. Schönberg and W. Asker, Science, 113(1951)56. (g) A. Schönberg, A. Mustafa and W. Asker, Nature, 171(1953)222. (h) A. Schönberg, A. Mustafa and M.E. El-Din Sobhy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75(1953)3377. (i) A. Schönberg, A. Mustafa and W. Asker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76(1954)4134. (j) A. Schönberg, M. Elkaschef, M. Nosseir and M.M. Sidky, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80(1958)6312. (k) A. Schönberg and M.M. Sidky, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 81(1959)2259. (l) A. Schönberg and K. Junghans, Chem. Ber., 98(1965)2539. (m) A. Schönberg and E. Singer, Tetrahedron Letters, 1925(1975). (n) A. Schönberg, E. Singer, W. Stephan and W.S. Sheldrick, Tetrahedron, 39(1983)2429.
(a) A. Warshel and M. Karplus, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94(1972)5612, and 96(1974)5677. (b) A. Warshel and M. Levitt, Program QCFF/PI (QCPE No. 247), Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange.
(a) E. Harnik and G.M.J. Schmidt, J. Chem. Soc., (1954)3295. (b) E. Harnik, J. Chem. Phys., 24(1956)297.
G. Kortüm, Angew. Chem., 70(1958)14, and Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 78(1974)391, where many earlier publications of this group are referred to.
J.H. Day, Chem. Rev., 63(1963)65.
J.D. Margerum and L.J. Miller, in G.H. Brown (Ed.), Techniques in Chemistry, Vol.3, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971, Ch.VI.
(a) I. Agranat and Y. Tapuhi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100(1978)5604. (b) I. Agranat and Y. Tapuhi, Nouv. J. Chim., 1(1977)361. (c) I. Agranat and Y. Tapuhi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101(1979)665. (d) I. Agranat and Y. Tapuhi, J. Org. Chem., 44(1979)1941. (e) Y. Tapuhi, O. Kalisky and I. Agranat, J. Org. Chem., 44(1979)1949.
(a) C.E. Johnson and F.A. Bovey, J. Chem. Phys., 29(1958)1012. (b) F.A. Bovey, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Academic Press, New York, 1969, p. 64.
G. Fischer and E. Fischer, Mol. Photochem., 6(1974)463.
K.A. Muszkat, Topics in Current Chemistry, 88(1980)91.
H. Brockmann and R. Mühlmann, Chem. Ber., 81(1948)467, and 82(1949)348.
(a) L.J. Dombrowski, E.L. Groncki, R.L. Strong and H.H. Richtol, J. Phys. Chem., 73(1969)3481. (b) H.H. Richtol, R.L. Strong and L.J. Dombrowski, Israel J. Chem., 12(1974)791.
(a) S. Malkin and E. Fischer, J. Phys. Chem., 66(1962)2482. (b) D. Degiou, K.A. Muszkat and E. Fischer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90(1968)3907.
D.L. Fanselow and H.G. Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys., 61(1974)4567.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Dedicated to Professor Alexander Schönberg, Berlin, on the occasion of his 90th birthday.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fischer, E. Photochromism and other reversible photoreactions in the dianthrylidenes, and implications regarding environmental control of photoreactions, colour-structure correlations, and other points. Reviews of Chemical Intermediates 5, 393–422 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03155674
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03155674