Samenvatting
Transgenerational aspects of trauma and dissociation: Empirical data
We investigated the link between trauma history, dissociation and memories of parental rearing behaviour of 99 psychiatric patients (mainly with eating disorders) and their parents. A modest correlation was found between dissociation and trauma history of mothers and children (not of fathers and children). The incidence of reported trauma in children was not higher when parents report trauma themselves. A relationship was found between trauma and dissociation on the one hand and memories of parental rearing behaviour (‘overprotection’ and ‘warmth’) on the other hand. The results support a complex and multifactor model of trauma and dissociation.
Transgenerational aspects of trauma and dissociation: Empirical data
We investigated the link between trauma history, dissociation and memories of parental rearing behaviour of 99 psychiatric patients (mainly with eating disorders) and their parents. A modest correlation was found between dissociation and trauma history of mothers and children (not of fathers and children). The incidence of reported trauma in children was not higher when parents report trauma themselves. A relationship was found between trauma and dissociation on the one hand and memories of parental rearing behaviour (‘overprotection’ and ‘warmth’) on the other hand. The results support a complex and multifactor model of trauma and dissociation.
Literatuur
Albeck, J.H. (1994). Intergenerational consequences of trauma: Reframing traps in treatment theory – a second-generation perspective. In E.B. Williams & J.F. Sommer jr. (Eds.), Handbook of post-traumatic therapy (pp. 106-125). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Anderson, C.L., & Alexander, P.C. (1996). The relationship between attachment and dissociation in adult survivors of incest. Psychiatry, 59, 240-54.
Arrindell, W.A., Ende, J. van der, Methorst, G.J., Kwee, M.G.T., Pol, E., & Moritz, B.J.M. (1989). Expanding the validity of a measure of reported parental rearing practices with psychiatric inpatients: further Dutch experiences with the EMBU. Personal and Individual Differences, 10, 493-500.
Benjamin, L.R., & Benjamin, R. (1994). Various perspectives on parenting and their implications for the treatment of dissociative disorders. Dissociation, 7, 246-260.
Collin-Vézina, D., Cyr, M., Pauzé, R., & McDuff, P. (2005). The role of depression and dissociation in the link between childhood sexual abuse and later parental practices. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 6, 71-95.
Coons, P.M. (1985). Children of parents with multiple personality disorder: In R.P. Kluft (Ed.), Childhood antecedents of multiple personality (pp. 152-165). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Dell, P.F., & Eisenhouwer, J.W. (1990). Adolescent multiple personality disorder: A preliminary study of eleven cases. Journal of American Academic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 359-366.
De Wachter, D., Neven, S., Vandewalle, S., Vansteelandt, K., Vanderlinden, J., & Lange, A. (in druk). Dissociatieve verschijnselen: verband met stress uit heden en verleden. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie.
De Wachter, D., Neven, S., Vandewalle, S., Vansteelandt, K., Vanderlinden, J., & Lange, A. (aangeboden). Co-evolution of stress and dissociation in a clinical population. A longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress.
Dinwiddie, S.H., & Bucholz, K.K. (1993). Psychiatric diagnosis of self-reported child abusers. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 465-476.
Draijer, N., & Langeland, W.M.A. (1999). Childhood trauma and perceived parental dysfunction in the aetiology of dissociative symptoms in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 379-385.
Ertem, I.O., Leventhal, J.M., & Dobbs, S. (2000). Intergenerational continuity of child physical abuse: How good is the evidence? The Lancet, 2, 814-819.
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of Self. New York: Other Press.
Fonagy, P., Steele, H., Morean, G., & Higgitt, A.C. (1991). The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective Self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 200-217.
IJzendoorn, M.H. van (1994). Gehechtheid van ouders en kinderen. Intergenerationele overdracht van gehechtheid in theorie: (klinisch) onderzoek en gevalsbeschrijvingen. Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1987). Do abused children become abusive adults? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 591-600.
Kluft, R.P, Braun, B.G., & Sachs, R.G. (1984). Multiple personality, intrafamilial abuse, and family psychiatry. International Journal of family psychiatry, 5, 283-301.
Lange, A., Beurs, E. de, Dolan, C., Lachnit, T., Sjollema, S., & Hanewald, G. (1999). Long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse: objective and subjective characteristics of the abuse and psychopathology in later life. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 150-158.
Leifer, M., Kilbane, T., Jacobsen, T., & Grossman, G. (2004). A three-generational study of transmission of risk for sexual abuse. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 662-672.
Narang, S.N., & Contreras, J.M. (2005). The relationships of dissociation and affective family environment with the intergenerational cycle of child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 683-699.
Nash, M.R., Hulsey, T.L., Sexton, M.C., Harralson, T.L., & Lambert, W. (1993). Long-term sequellae of childhood sexual abuse: perceived family environment, psychopathology and dissociation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 276-283.
Newcomb, M.D., & Locke, T.F. (2001). Intergenerational cycle of maltreatment: A popular concept obscured by methodological limitations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1219-1240.
Nijenhuis, E.R.S., Spinhoven, P., Dyck, R. van, Hart, O. van der, & Vanderlinden, J. (1995). Psychometric characteristics of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire: A replication study. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics, 67, 17-23.
Nijenhuis, E.R.S., Hart, O. van der, & Kruger, K. (2002). The psychometric characteristics of the Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire (TEC): First findings among psychiatric outpatients. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 9, 200-210.
Ogawa, J.R., Sroufe, L.A., Weinfeld, N.S., Carlson, E.A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Developmental Psychopathology, 9, 855-879.
Oliver, J.E. (1993). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse: Rates, research, and clinical applications. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1315-1324.
Pasquini, P., Liotti, G., Mazzotti, E., Fassone, G., & Picardi, A. (2002). Risk factors in the early family life of patients suffering from dissociative disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 110-116.
Pears, K.C., & Capaldi, D.M. (2001). Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1439-1461.
Perris, C., Arrindell, W.A., & Eisenmann, M. (1994). Parenting and psychopathology. Chichester: Wiley.
Perris, C., Jacobsson, L., Lindström, H., Knorring, L. von, & Perris, H. (1980). Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 265-274.
Sorcher, N., & Cohen, L.J. (1997). Trauma in children of Holocaust survivors: Transgenerational effects. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 493-500.
Surwillo, W.W. (1980). Experimental design in psychiatry: research methods for clinical practice. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Vanderlinden, J. (1993). Dissociative experiences, trauma and hypnosis: Research findings and clinical applications in eating disorders. Delft: Eburon.
Vanderlinden, J., Dyck, R. van, Vandereycken, W., & Vertommen, H. (1993). The Dissociation Questionnaire: Development and characteristics of a new self-reporting questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 1, 21-27.
Verona, E., & Sachs-Ericson, N. (2005). The intergenerational transmission of externalizing behaviors in adult participants: the mediating role of childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1135-1145.
Wolfe, D.A. (1991). Preventing physical and emotional abuse of children. New York: Guilford Press.
Wolfe, D.A., Sandler, J., & Kaufman, K. (1981). A competency-based parent training program for child abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 633-640.
Yeager, C.A., & Otnow, D. (1996). The intergenerational transmission of violence and dissociation. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5, 393-430.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
dirk de wachter, psychiater, is diensthoofd systeemtherapie universitair centrum Sint-Jozef, Kortenberg.sylvie neven en sylvie vandewalle zijn beide psychologen, kristof vansteelandt en johan vanderlinden zijn doctor in de psychologie. Allen zijn werkzaam in universitair centrum Sint-Jozef, Kortenberg.alfred lange is bijzonder hoogleraar, verbonden aan de vakgroep Klinische psychologie, Universiteit van Amsterdam.Correspondentieadres: Dr. Dirk De Wachter, U.C. St.-Jozef, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, België.
About this article
Cite this article
De Wachter, D., Neven, S., Vandewalle, S. et al. Transgenerationele aspecten van trauma en dissociatie. PSIE 34, 45–55 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03078398
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03078398