Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physiology of foliar uptake of inorganic nutrients

  • Published:
Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences

Abstract

The leaves of terrestrial plants are capable of absorbing nutrients supplied in an aqueous medium. This capacity is exploited in many agronomic practices like application of herbicides, growth regulators and inorganic nutrients, for the purpose of enhancing crop production. The mechanisms of foliar absorption and subsequent transport of inorganic nutrients are discussed here. The penetration of the nutrient elements supplied to the leaf, through the outermost barrier—the cuticle—absorption by the leaf cells within, and transport from cell-to-cell finally to the conducting system of the leaf, are as complex as those following the root absorption. Yet, foliar supply of nutrients have many advantages over the root-feeding. There have been considerable interest in the practical use of this technique, as also several accomplishments not only in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in foliar uptake, but also in the development of chemicals and surfactants for the greater effectiveness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams A F R 1949 Copper deficiency of onions grown on peat; II.N.Z.J. Sci. Technol. B31 34–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Albrigo L G, Lyrene P M and Freeman B 1980 Waxes and other surface characteristics of fruit and leaves of nativeVaccinum elliotti Chapm.;J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 195 203–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen M 1965 The uptake of Cox Orange Pippin momentarily dipped in solution of copper sulphate;J. Hortic. Sci. 40 42–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avis A M and Lubke R A 1985 The effect of wind-borne sand and salt spray on the growth ofScirpus nodosus in a mobile dune system;South African J. Bot. 51 100–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Baes III C F and McLaughlin S B 1984 Trace elements in tree rings: Evidence of recent and historican air pollution;Science 224 494–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beverly R B 1986 Radish response to foliar nutrient sprays and pH adjustment of an organic soil;J. Fert. Issues 3 75–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyers E and Terblanche J H 1971a Identification and control of trace element deficiencies. I. Zinc deficiency;Decid. Fruit Grower 21 132–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyers E and Terblanche J H 1971b Identification and control of trace element deficiencies. II. Manganese deficiency and toxicity;Decid. Fruit Grower 21 167–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyers E and Terblanche J H 1971c Identification and control of trace element deficiencies. V. Iron deficiency;Decid. Fruit Grower 21 265–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddulph S, Biddulph O and Cory R 1958 Visual indications of upward movement of foliar applied P32 and C14 in the phloem of the bean stem;Am. J. Bot. 45 648–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Böhm J 1877 Uber die Aufnahme von Wasser und Kolksalsen durch die Blätter der Feuerbohne;Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 20 51–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Bould C 1955 Chelated iron compounds for the correction of lime induced chlorosis in fruit;Nature (London) 175 90–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukovac M J and Wittwer S H 1957 Absorption and mobility of foliar applied nutrients;Plant Physiol. 32 428–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukovac M J and Wittwer S H 1961 Absorption and distribution of foliar applied mineral nutrients as determined with radioisotopes; inThird Colloquium on Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems (ed) W Reuther (American Instt. Biol. Sci. Washington DC) pp 215–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Camp A F and Fudge B R 1939 Some symptoms of citrus malnutrition in Florida;Fla. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 335 55–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamel A 1980 Pénétration du cuivre à travers des cuticules isolées de feuilles de Poirier;Physiol. Veg. 18 313–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamel A R, Gambonnet B, Genova C and Jourdain A 1984 Cuticular behaviour of cadmium studied using isolated plant cuticles;J. Environ. Qual. 13 483–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dadykin V P 1951 The application to the aerial parts of plant of nitrogenous fertilisers under soil conditions (Russian);Daklady Akad. Nauk. S.S.S.R. 79 529–531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeBary A 1871 Ueber die Wachsuberzuge der Epidermis;Bot. Zeitung 29 129

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollard G J, Unsworth M H and Harve M J 1983 Pollutant transfer in upland regions by occult precipitation;Nature (London) 302 241–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake M and Bramlage W J 1983 Suggestion for use of calcium sprays in 1983;Fruit Notes 48 16–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap D B and Thompson A H 1959 Effect of boron sprays in the development of bitter-pit in the York Imperial apple;Univ. Md. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. A-102 31

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves C A and Leefe J S 1962 Note on the influence of foliar sprays of calcium on the firmness of strawberries;Can. J. Plant Sci. 42 746–747

    Google Scholar 

  • Erwee M G, Goodwin P B and van Bel A J E 1985 Cell-cell communication in the leaves ofCommelina cyanea and other plants;Plant Cell Environ. 8 173–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Esau K and Thorsch J 1985 Sieve plate pores and plasmadesmata, the communication channels of the symplast: ultrastructural aspects and developmental relations;Am. J. Bot. 72 1641–1653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eskew D L, Welch R M and Cary E E 1983 Nickel: an essential micronutrient for legumes and possibly higher plants;Science 222 621–623

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher E G and Walker D R 1955 The apparent absorption of P and Mg from sprays applied to the lower surface of McIntosh apple leaves;Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 65 17–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher E, Boynton D and Skodvin K 1948 Nitrogen fertilisation of the McIntosh apple with leaf sprays of urea;Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 51 23–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford E M 1968 The response of Epsom salt sprays of mature apple trees of three varieties on two contrasting rootstocks;J. Hortic. Sci. 43 505–517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler D and Unsworth M H 1979 Turbulent transfer of sulphur dioxide to a wheat crop;Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 105 767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francois L E and Clark R A 1979 Accumulation of sodium and chloride in leaves of sprinkler irrigated grapes;J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 104 11–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke W 1967 Mechanisms of foliar penetration of solutions;Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 18 281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke W 1975 Stauffaufnahme durch das Blatt unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ektodesmen;J. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 26 331–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman B and Turner D W 1985 The epicuticular waxes on the organs of different varieties of Banana (Musa spp.) differ in form, chemistry and concentration;Aust. J. Bot. 33 393–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling A 1976 The plant cell wall; inHandbuch der Pflanzenanatomie, Allgemeiner Teil, Band III Teil 4 Abteilung Cytology (Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger) pp 41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Geraldson C M 1957 Control of blossom-end rot of tomatoes;Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 69 309–317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gettier S W, Martens D C and Brumback Jr T B 1985 Timing of foliar manganese application for correction of manganese deficiency in soybean;Agron. J. 77 627–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Giskin M and Efron Y 1986 Planting date and foliar fertilization of corn grown for silage and grain under limited moisture;Agron. J. 78 426–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Giskin M and Nerson H 1984 Foliar nutrition of Muskmelon: I. Application to seedlings—greenhouse experiments;J. Plant Nutr. 7 1329–1339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein A H and Hunziker A D 1985 Phosphate transport across the plasma membrane of wheat leaf protoplasts: characteristics and inhibitor specificities;Plant Physiol. 77 1013–1015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenham D W P and White G C 1959 The control of magnesium deficiency in dwarf pyramid apples;J. Hortic. Sci. 34 238–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood M and Hayfron R J 1951 Iron and zinc deficiency in cacao in the Gold Coast;Emp. J. Exp. Agric. 19 73–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve A M and Pitman M G 1978 Salinity damage to Norfolk island pines caused by surfactants. III. Evidence for stomatal penetration as the pathway of salt entry to leaves;Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5 387–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gris E 1844 Nouvelles expériences sur l’action des composés ferrugineux solubles, appliqués à la vegetation et specialement au traitement de la chlorose et à la debilité des plantes;C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Paris 19 1118–1119

    Google Scholar 

  • Guest P L and Chapman H D 1949 Investigations on the use of iron sprays, dust, and soil applications to control iron chlorosis of citrus;Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 54 11–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haas A R C 1932 Some nutritional aspects in mottle leaf of citrus;Hilgardia 6 484–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas K and Schönherr J 1979 Composition of soluble cuticular lipids and water permeability of cuticular membranes from citrus leaves;Planta 146 399–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haile-Mariam S N 1965 Mechanisms of foliar penetration and translocation of mineral ions with special reference to coffee (Coffea arabica L.); Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall D M and Donaldson L A 1963 The ultrastructure of wax deposits on plant leaf surfaces. I. Growth of wax on leaves ofTrifolium repens L.;J. Ultrastruct. Res. 9 259–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway P J and Baker E A 1968 Isolation of plant cuticles with zinc chloride-hydrochloric acid solution;Plant Physiol. 43 1878–1879

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby B 1975 Light sensitivity of22Na,86Rb and42K absorption by different tissues of bean leaves;Plant Physiol. 55 978–981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jyung W H, Wittwer S H and Bukovac M J 1965 Ion uptake by cells enzymically isolated from green tobacco leaves;Plant Physiol. 40 410–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S 1969a Penetration of iron and some organic substances through isolated cuticular membranes;Plant Physiol. 44 517–521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S 1969b Factors related to iron absorption by enzymically isolated leaf cells;Plant Physiol. 44 1457–1461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S 1970 Course of cation accumulation by leaf tissue inPhaseolus vulgaris L.;Experientia 26 552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S 1978 Lateral movement of cations in corn leaves;Plant Physiol. 61 706–707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S 1986Foliar absorption and transport of inorganic nutrients; CRC Critical Reviews, Plant Sciences, CRC Press, Inc. USA 4(4) pp 347–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S and Keppel H 1977 Studies on the migration patterns of59Fe and54Mn in young corn leaves using a modified chromatogram scanner;Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 28 573–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannan S and Wittwer S H 1967 Ion absorption by leaves;Naturwissenschaften 54 373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kargbo C S 1985 Effect of plant reproductive stage and rates of foliar fertilizer sprays on corn yield and yield components;Z. Acker Pflanzenbau 155 268–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Krantz B A, Brown A L, Fischer B B, Pendery W F and Brown V W 1962 Foliar sprays correct iron chlorosis in grain sorghum;Calif. Agric. 16 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuthy S 1954 The effect of fertilizer sprays on lettuce and peas;Agrokem. Talajtan 3 189–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Labanauskas C K 1963 Foliar sprays correct manganese deficiencies on desert grapefruit;Calif. Agric. 17 14–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Leffingwell 1981Product guide; Leffingwell, 111 S. Berry St., PO 1180 Brea, Calif. p 64

  • Lord W J 1983 Nutritional problems in 1982 and suggestions for fertilization of apple trees in 1983;Fruit Notes 48 1

    Google Scholar 

  • Maas E V, Grattan S R and Ogata G 1982 Foliar salt accumulation and injury in crops sprinkled with saline water;Irrig. Sci. 3 157–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald I R and Macklon A E S 1975 Light-enhanced chloride uptake by wheat laminae. A comparison of chopped and vacuum-infiltrated tissue;Plant Physiol. 56 105–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malakondaiah N and Rajeswararao G 1980 Effect of foliar application of phosphorus on chlorophyll content, Hill reaction, photophosphorylation and14CO2 fixation under salt stress in peanut plants;Photosynthetica 14 17–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall C and Wardlaw I F 1973 A comparative study of the distribution and speed of movement of14C assimilates and foliar-applied32P-labelled phosphate in wheat;Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 26 1–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry B D and Wittwer S H 1952 Urea nitrogen applied to the leaves of certain vegetable crops;Q. Bull. Mich. Agric. Exp. Stn. 34 365

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer A 1874 Uber die Aufnahme von Ammoniak durch oberirdische Pflanzenteile;Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 17 329–340

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane J C and Berry W L 1974 Cation penetration through isolated leaf cuticles;Plant Physiol. 53 723–727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel C M, Simpson D R and Price G H 1986 Effects of foliar-applied nitrogen during winter on growth, nitrogen content and production of passion-fruit;Sci. Hortic. 28 339–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller R H 1983 Cuticular pores and transcuticular canals in diverse fruit varieties;Ann. Bot. 51 697–709

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller R H 1984 The multiple epidermis-cuticle complex of Medlar fruitMespilus germanica L.;Ann. Bot. 53 779–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller K and Leopold A C 1966 The mechanism of kinetin-induced transport in corn leaves;Planta 68 186–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagymihaly C and Leszek E 1954 The effect, of fertiliser spray on sugar beet;Agrokem. Talajtan 3 197–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Oland K 1963 Changes in the content of dry matter and major nutrient elements of apple foliage during senescence and abscission;Physiol. Plant. 16 682–694

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panic M and Franke W 1979 Ectodesmata (ectoteichodes) in wheat leaves infected withErysiphe graminis tritici;Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenpathol. Pflanzenschutz, Sonderh. 86 465–471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker E R 1938 Experiments on the treatment of mottle-leaf of citrus trees;Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 33 82–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Penot M 1972 Migrations libériennes chezTradescantia viridis Relation entre les quantites migrées et l’apport initial aux feuilles;Physiol. Veg. 10 687–696

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penot M and Beraud J 1978 Migrations Orientées et Phytohormones-Valeur de la feuille Détachée comme Matériel Expérimental;Physiol. Plant. 42 14–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penot M, Beraud J and Poder D 1981 Relationship between hormone-directed transport and transpiration in isolated leaves ofPelargonium zonale L.;Physiol. Veg. 19 391–399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirone P P 1952 Feeding plants through leaves;Grdn. J. N.Y. Bot. Grdn. 2 45–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahat M and Reinhold L 1983 Rb+ uptake by isolated pea mesophyll protoplasts in light and darkness;Physiol. Plant. 59 83–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rains D W 1968 Kinetics and energetics of light-enhanced potassium absorption by corn leaf tissue;Plant Physiol. 43 394–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramana K V R and Rajeswararao G 1984 Effect of foliar application of potassium on uptake and distribution of some essential elements in groundnut under salt stress;Indian J. Plant Nutr. Diet. 3 173–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringoet A, Rechenmann R V and Melloni M 1968 Calcium localisation within live oat leaves using a semi-conductor detector assembly;Planta 81 280–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringoet A, Rechenmann R V and Veen H 1967 Calcium movement in oat leaves measured by semiconductor detectors;Radiat. Bot. 7 81–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter C M 1980 Fertiliser recommendations for Pennsylvania orchards;Pa. Fruit News 59 19–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonherr J and Bukovac M J 1970 Preferential polar pathways in the cuticle and their relationship to ectodesmata;Planta 92 189–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sifton H B 1963 On the hairs and cuticle of Labrador tea leaves—A developmental study;Can. J. Bot. 41 199–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair T R and de Witt C T 1975 Photosynthate and N requirements for seed production by various crops;Science 189 565–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith R C and Epstein E 1964 Ion absorption by shoot tissue: kinetics of potassium and rubidium absorption by corn leaf tissue;Plant Physiol. 39 992–996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder E and Harmon F N 1954 Some responses of vinifera grapes to zinc sulphate;Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 63 91–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stark F C and Matthews W A 1958 Improving quality of cantaloupes and tomatoes by foliar feeding;Univ. Md. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. p 464

  • Stale J and Bovay E 1954 Manganese deficiency in plants;Rev. Rom. Agric. 10 85–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart I and Leonard C D 1952 Molybdenum deficiency in Florida citrus;Nature (London) 170 714–715

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles W C 1982 Nutrient sprays for tree fruits;Fruit Notes 47 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout P R and Johnson C M 1956 Molybdenum deficiency in horticultural and field crops;Soil Sci. 81 183–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundararaman S 1936Administration report of the Agricultural Chemist, Entomologist and Mycologist, Dept. of Agric. Madras p 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Swietlik D and Faust M 1984 Foliar nutrition of fruit crops;Hortic. Rev. 6 287–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Swietlik D, Faust M and Korcak R F 1982a Effect of mineral nutrient sprays on photosynthesis and stomatal opening of water-stressed and unstressed apple seedlings. I. Complete nutrient sprays;J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 107 563–567

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swietlik D, Korcak R F and Faust M 1982b Effect of mineral nutrient sprays on photosynthesis and stomatal opening of water-stressed and unstressed apple seedlings. II. Potassium sulfate sprays;J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 107 568–572

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syverud T D, Walsh L M, Oplinger E S and Kelling K A 1980 Foliar fertilisation of soybeans (Glycine max L.);Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11 637–651

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi J and Kono Y 1981 Translocation of foliar-applied nitrogen to rice roots;Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 50 302–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi J, Okano K and Kono Y 1983 Translocation of nitrogen and carbon from leaves to roots of different nodes in rice plants—a double labelling study with15N and13C;Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 52 220–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas K M 1947Turnip water-core; Detailed reports of subordinate officers. Dept. of Agric. Madras p 58

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne G N 1958 Factors affecting uptake of radioactive phosphorus by leaves and its translocation to other parts of the plant;Ann. Bot. 22 381–398

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne G N 1986 Confessions of a narrow-minded applied biologists, or why do interdisciplinary research?Ann. Appl. Biol. 108 205–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne G N and Watson D J 1955 The effect on yield and leaf area of wheat of applying nitrogen as a top-dressing in April or in sprays at ear emergence;J. Agric. Sci. 46 449–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Steveninck R F M and Chenoweth A R F 1972 Ultrastructural localization of ions;Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 25 499–500

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasilas B L, Legg J O and Wolf D C 1980 Foliar fertilization of soybeans: absorption and translocation of15N-labelled urea;Agron. J. 72 271–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wattendorff J and Holloway P J 1980 Studies on the ultrastructure and histochemistry of plant cuticle: The cuticular membranes ofAgave americana L.in situ;Ann. Bot. 46 13–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner R 1981 Beitrage zur kenntnis der Teichoden unter Besonderer Berucksichtigung ihrer nachweisbarkeit, der Endoteichoden und der Wurzel Teichoden;Dissertation Dr. agr. der Hohen Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultat der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat zu Bonn p 142

  • Westgate P J 1952 Preliminary report on copper toxicity and iron chlorosis in old vegetable fields;Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. p 143

  • Williams R W, Funt R C, Ellis M A and Hall F R 1983Commercial tree fruit spray guide (Ohio State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service)

  • Wittwer S H and Bukovac M J 1969 The uptake of nutrients through leaf surfaces; inHandbuch der Pflanzenernahrung und Dungung I. Pflanzenernahrung (eds) K Scharrer and H Linser (New York: Springer Verlag) pp 235–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittwer S H, Bukovac M J, Jyung W H, Yamada Y, De R, Rasmussen H P, Haile-Mariam S N and Kannan S 1967 Foliar absorption-penetration of the nutrient uptake by isolated leaf cells;Qual. Plant. Mater. Veg. 14 105–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittwer S H and Lundahl W S 1951 Autoradiography as an aid in determining the gross absorption and utilization of foliar applied nutrients;Plant Physiol. 26 792–797

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada Y, Wittwer S H and Bukovac M J 1964 Penetration of ions through isolated cuticles;Plant Physiol. 39 28–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young J O 1983Spray guide for tree fruits in Eastern Washiington (Extn. Bull. 0419 Wash. State Univ. Coop. Ext. Service) pp 46–48

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Agriculture Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 400 085, Bombay, India

    Seshadri Kannan

Authors
  1. Seshadri Kannan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kannan, S. Physiology of foliar uptake of inorganic nutrients. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 96, 457–470 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053540

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053540

Keywords

Search

Navigation