Summary
-
1.
The effect of camphor on fermenting yeast cultures is described. The necessity for a clear differentiation of the effect of camphor on aerobically growing cultures from that on fermenting cells is emphasized.
-
2.
Tubes containing one, two, three, four and five drops of a known concentration of an alcoholic solution of camphor incorporated in 5 ml. of wort were inoculated with a few cells from an aerobically growing culture of the two chromosome control strain. Giant colony inoculations were carried out 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours after the commencement of the experiment without any fresh addition of camphor.
-
3.
The first series of giant colonies indicated that camphor had induced gene mutations in several directions. In the second series the changes in the population of the control growing on an agar slant was investigated side by side with the study of the mutations induced by camphor. The changes in the population of the gene mutants in the culture of the control and that growing in the presence of one or two drops of camphor solution are not parallel.
-
4.
Camphor accelerates the mutation rate at the locus governing the nature of sculpturing of the colony. It is suggested that stable tetraploids arise only when the doubling of the chromosome complement is preceded by a specific stabilizing gene mutation. Since camphor induces gene mutations, all tetraploids induced by camphor need not have identical genic constitution.
-
5.
If one assumes the probability that a series of alleles at a particular locus govern the harmonious working of haploid, diploid and polyploid chromosome numbers, treatment with polyploidogens instead of doubling the chromosome complement may even lead to production of forms with reduced chromosome numbers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Auerbach, C. “Chemical Mutagenesis,”Biol. Rev., 1949,24, 355–91.
- “Chemical Induction of Mutations,”Proc. 8th Internat. Cong. Gen., 1949b, Hereditas Suppl.
Badian, J. “Sur la Cytologie des Levures,”Bull. Internat. Acad. Polonaise. Sci. et Lettr. Cl. Sci. Ser. B. Sci. Nat., 1937,1, 61–87.
Bauch, R. “Experimentelle Mutationsauslosung bei Hefe und anderen Pilzen durch Behandlung mit Kamfer, Acenaphthene und Colchicin,”Naturwiss, 1941,29, 503–04.
Dermen, H. “Colchicine Polyploidy and Technique,”Bot. Rev., 1940,6, 599–635.
Dobzhansky, Th. “Genetics and the Origin of Species, 1947. Columbia Univ. Press.
Duraiswami, S. and M. K. Subramaniam “Reversal of Some Chromosomal Mutations in Yeasts,”Cellule, 1950,53, 215–56.
Guilliermond, A.The Yeasts, 1920. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Kater, J. McA. “Amitosis,”Bot. Rev., 1940,6, 164–80.
Kemp, H. P. “On the Question of the Occurrence of Heterotypical Reduction in Somatic Cells,”Ann. Bot., 1910,24, 775–803.
Krishna Murthy, S. N. and M. K. Subramaniam “Further Observations on Reverse Mutations in Yeasts,”J. Ind., Inst. Sci., 1950,32 A, 1–28.
Krythe, J. M. and S. J. Wellensieck “Five Years of Colchicine Research,”Bibl. Gen., 1942,14, 1–132.
Levan, A. “Cytological phenomena connected with root swelling caused by growth substances,”Hereditas, 1939,25, 87–96.
— “A Haploid Sugar Beet After Colchicine Treatment,” —, 1945,31, 399–410.
— “Studies on the Camphor Reaction of Yeast,” —, 1947,33, 457–514.
Levan, A. and G. Ostergren “The Mechanism of C-Mitotic Action,” —, 1943,29, 381–443.
— and C. G. Sandwall “Quantitative Investigations on the Reactions of Yeast to Biologically active substances,” —, 1943,29, 164–78.
Lindegren, C. C. “Mendelian and Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Yeasts,”Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn., 1945,32, 107–23.
Mallya, Prema Bai, and M. K. Subramaniam “Genic Differences and Rate of Growth in Yeasts,”Nature, 1949,163, 251–52.
Mitra, K. K. “Autotetraploidy and Attenuating Power in Yeasts,”Curr. Sci., 1948,17, 55.
— and M. K. Subramaniam “Some Observations on the Effect of Chrysene on Yeasts,”Cellule, 1949,53, 7–12.
Navashin, M. “Influence of Acenaphthene on the Division of Cells and Nuclei,”C. R. Dokl. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., 1938,19, 193–96.
Ostergren, G. “Colchicine Mitosis, Chromosome Contraction, Narcosis and Protein Chain Folding,”Hereditas, 1944,30, 429–67.
Prema Bai, M. and M. K. Subramaniam “Rate of Growth of Diploid and Tetraploid Yeasts,”Curr. Sci., 1947,16, 380–81.
Ranganathan, B. and M. K. Subramaniam “Centrosomes in Yeasts,”Sci. and Cult., 1947,12, 478–81.
— “Studies on the Cytology of Yeasts. V. Normal and Abnormal Mitoses in a Distillery Yeast,”Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 1948,14, 389–405.
— “Studies on the Mutagenic Action of Physical and Chemical Agencies on Yeasts. I. Induction of Polyploidy by Diverse Agencies,”J. Ind. Inst. Sci, 1950,32 A, 51–72.
Sinoto, Y. and A. Yuasa “Karyological Studies inSaccharomyces cerevsiæ,”Cytologia, 1941,11, 464–72.
Skovsted, A. “Induced Camphor Mutations in Yeasts,”C. R. Lab. Carlsberg. Ser. Physiol., 1948,24, 249–261.
Sonneborn, T. M. “Recent Advances in the Genetics of Paramecium and Euplotes,”Adv. Gen., 1947,1, 263–358.
Subramaniam, M. K. “Induction of Polyploidy inSaccharomyces cerevisiæ,”Curr. Sci., 1945,14, 234.
Subramaniam, M. K. “Studies on the Cytology of Yeasts. I. Mitosis inSaccharomyces cerevisiæ,”Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 1946,12, 143–49.
— “Studies on the Cytology of Yeasts. II. Induction of Polyploidy and Heterochromatin,” —, 1947,13, 129–39.
— “Endopolyploidy in Yeasts,”Curr. Sci., 1947b,16, 157–58.
— “Is the Macronucleus of Ciliates Endopolyploid ?”, —, 1947c,16, 228–29.
— “Studies on the Cytology of Yeasts. III. Technique of Handling Yeasts for Cytological Investigations,”Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 1948a,14, 315–23.
— “Studies on the Cytology of Yeasts. IV. Endopolyploidy in Yeasts,” —, 1948b,14, 325–34.
— “The Problem of Haploidy in Yeasts,”J. Ind. Inst. Sci., 1950a,32 A, 29–40.
— “Haploidy and the Species Concept in Yeasts,” —, 1950b,32 A, 41–50.
— “A Critical Evaluation of the Question of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Yeasts,” —, 1950c 32 A, 73–90.
— “Alleles and Their Time of Expression in Yeasts,”Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci., 1951,17, 367–371.
Subramaniam, M. K. and S. N. Krishna Murthy “A Reverse Mutation in Yeast Induced by Ultra Violet Irradiation,”Curr. Sci., 1948,17, 92.
— “Effect of Acenaphthene on Yeast Strains of Different Genic and Chromosomal Constitutions,”Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1949,30 B, 185–94.
Subramaniam, M. K. and B. Ranganathan “Peculiar Cytological Behaviour of a Distillery Yeast,”Nature, 1946,157, 50.
— “Chromosome Constitution and Characteristics of Giant Colonies in Yeasts,”Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci., India, 1948,14, 279–83.
— “A Gene Determining Growth Rate in Yeast,”J. Sci. and Ind. Res., 1949,8 B, 5–9.
— and S.K. Sreepathi Rao “Gene Mutations Induced by Camphor in Yeast,”Research, 1950,3, 49–50.
—, B. Ranganathan and S. N.Krishna Murthy “Reverse Mutations in Yeasts,”Cellule, 1948,52, 39–60.
Winge, O. “On Haplophase and Diplophase in Some Saccharomycetes,”C.R. Lab. Carlsberg. Ser. Physiol., 1935,21, 77–112.
— and O. Laustsen “On Two Types of Spore Germination and on Genetic Segregations inSaccharomycetes demonstrated through single spore cultures,” —, 1937,22, 99–120.
— “On the Cytoplasmic Effect of Inbreeding in Homozygous Yeasts,” —, 1937,23, 17–39.
Winge, O. and C. Roberts “Inheritance of Enzymatic Characters in Yeast and the Phenomenon of Long Term Adaptation,” —, 1948,24, 263–315.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by Dr. K. V. Giri,f.a.sc.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Subramaniam, M.K., Rao, S.K.S. Studies on the mutagenic action of chemical and physical agencies on yeasts. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 35, 1–27 (1952). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03050007
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03050007