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Fortschritte in der molekularen medizin: Die „Laser Capture Microdissection”

Advances in molecular medicine: Laser capture microdissection

  • Molekulare Medizin: Prinzipien und Praxis
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Zusammenfassung

□ Hintergrund

Mit der Entschlüsselung des menschlichen Genoms stellt sich die große Aufgabe, Funktion und klinische Bedeutung der einzelnen Gene zu definieren. Dabei sollte es möglich sein, gesunde und kranke Zellen gezielt aus der komplexen Struktur des Gewebes zu isolieren und sie der sensitiven molekularen Analyse zugänglich zu machen. Die „Laser Capture Microdissection” (LCM) wurde entwickelt, um diese Aufgabe zu erfüllen.

□ Prinzip und Anwendung

Die LCM erlaubt die präzise Präparation von Zellen aus dem Gewebeverband mit Hilfe eines Lasers am Mikroskop und die sterile Überführung des entfernten Zellmaterials in ein Medium für die DNA-bzw. RNA-Isolation. Das Verfahren ist daher ideal für Untersuchungen der Zell-Zell-Interaktionen, für die Mutationsanalyse und das Erstellen von qualitativ hochwertigen cDNA-Bibliotheken geeignet. Die Analyse der Expression bekannter und unbekannter Gene wird bereits jetzt erfolgreich bei der Erstellung von gewebe- und zellspezifischen Genexpressionsmustern eingesetzt, die dazu beitragen, die Ätiologie und Pathogenese von Kolon-, Lungen-, Mamma-, Prostata-, Nebennierten-, Ovarial- und anderen Tumoren aufzuklären. Das am NIH entwickelte LCM-System ist deshalb ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), das die Struktur von Genen, die während der Progression von Tumoren exprimiert werden, sequenziert, katalogisiert und weltweit zugänglich macht. In Verbindung mit den modermen cDNA-Assays wird es möglich sein, die Expression Tausender verschiedener Gene in einem Schritt zu untersuchen und individuelle Therapiestrategien zu entwickeln.

□ Schlußfolgerung

Die LCM stellt einen wesentlichen Fortschritt in der molekularen Medizin dar und erlaubt erstmals, die modernen hochsensitiven gentechnischen Analysen mit den konventionellen histologischen und morphologischen Methoden effizient zu kombinieren. Die Anwendungen reichen von der Grundlagenforschung bis zur klinischen Diagostik und Beurteilung des Krankheitsverlaufs.

Abstract

□ Background

With the unravelling of the human genome, we now face the challenge of defining the function and clinical relevance of single genes. To do this, we should be able to isolate normal and diseased cells from complex tissue structure to make them accessible to sensitive molecular analyses. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) was developed to meet this challenge.

□ Method and Application

LCM allows the precise dissection of cells with the help of a laser beam under direct visulization in the microscope, and the sterile transfer of these cells into a DNA or RNA isolation buffer. The technique is ideal for investigating cell-cell interactions, for performing mutation analyses, and for the production of high-quality cDNA libraries. Expression studies of known and unknown genes are currently employed successfully to define tissue-and simple cell-specific patterns which help elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of colon, lung, breast, prostate, adrenal, ovary, and other organ tumors. The LCM system developed at the NIH is, therefore, an important part of the Cancer-Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), which sequences and publishes the structures of genes that are expressed in human tumors. In combination with the modern cDNA arrays, it will thus be possible to analyze the expression of several thousands of genes in one step and to develop individual therapeutic strategies in the not too distant future.

□ Conclusions

The LCM is a major advance in molecular medicine, enabling us to combine highly-sensitive gene analysis techniques with conventional histologic and morphologic methods. Applications range from research to diagnosis, and to monitoring disease progression.

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Correspondence to Stefan R. Bornstein.

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Bornstein, S.R., Willenberg, H.S. & Scherbaum, W.A. Fortschritte in der molekularen medizin: Die „Laser Capture Microdissection”. Med Klin 93, 739–743 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044814

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