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Anatomische Grundlagen bei Descensus perinei und Analinkontinenz

Anatomic elements for pelvic floor descensus and anal incontinence

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Coloproctology Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Anatomie des kleinen Beckens steht wieder zur Diskussion. Die Existenz von Ligamenten, welche in den meisten Atlanten und Lehrbüchern zu finden sind, wird durch neue mophologische Untersuchungen in Frage gestellt. Das betrifft die Ligamenta cardinale und pubocervicale sowie die anokokzygeale Raphe nach Shafik. Konsens besteht bezüglich des Ligamentum sacrouterinum, welches von der parietalen Faszie (Waldeyer) am Rektum vorbei zur Cervix uteri zieht, und des Ligamentum pubovesicale vom Os pubis zur Blasenvorderwand.

Das Kontinenzorgan umfaßt das Rektum, den Sphinkterapparat, den Plexus haemorrhoidalis, das Anoderm und das zugehörige Nervensystem. Gehalten werden die Beckenorgane vornehmlich durch die Muskulatur (Musculus levator ani) und nicht durch die Ligamente. Eine Neuropathie (Nervus pudendus) führt über die Muskelfaseratrophie zum Descensus perinei und zur Stuhlinkontinenz, das Fehlen der Verankerung des rektoanalen Übergangs zur „Outlet obstruction” beim anterioren Anus (Sphinkterdysplasie).

Das Ziel der Forschung in der nahen Zukunft muß die Klärung der Anatomie und die Vereinheitlichung der Terminologie zwischen Koloproktologen, Gynäkologen, Urologen und Morphologen sein.

Abstract

A discussion concerning the anatomy of the lower pelvis has come up recently. The existence of the cardinal and pubocervical ligaments are questionned as well as the anococcygeal raphe by Shafik. There is a consensus about the ligamentum sacrouterinum originating from the parietal fascia (Waldeyer) passing the rectum and leading to the cervix uteri, and the ligamentum pubovesicale originating at the os pubis and running to the anterior wall of the bladder.

The organ of continence consists of the rectum, the anal sphincter, the haemorrhoidal plexus, the anoderm and the nerve system belonging to them. The pelvic organs are suspended by the muscles of the pelvic floor (musculus levator ani) and not by the ligaments. That is why a neuropathy (nervus pudendus) with consecutive muscle fibre atrophy leads to descending perineum and incontinence. In absence of a posterior fixation of the anorectal junction an outlet obstruction occurs (sphincter dysplasia).

The target of research in the near future must be the clarification of anatomy of the pelvis and a standardisation of terminology between coloproctologists, gynecologists, urologists and morphologists.

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Correspondence to Peter Buchmann.

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Buchmann, P. Anatomische Grundlagen bei Descensus perinei und Analinkontinenz. Coloproctology 20, 141–147 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044614

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