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Chirurgische Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Manifestationen des Marfan-Syndroms

Surgical treatment of cardiovascular manifestations of Marfan’s syndrome

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Zusammenfassung

Patienten mit Marfan-Syndrom sind durch die morphologischen Manifestationen am kardiovaskulären System gefährdet, wobei die akute Dissektion oder Ruptur der dilatierten Aorta im Vordergrund steht. Dank der umfassenden Diagnostik und der frühen herzchirurgischen Intervention konnte die Lebenserwartung dieser Patienten in den letzten Jahren wesentlich verbessert werden. Dennoch ist auch heute noch die Ruptur die häufigste und die Dissektion die zweithäufigste Todesursache. Lebensbedrohliche Komplikationen der Aortendissektion sind Perikarderguß, Aorteninsuffizienz und Malperfusionssyndrom durch Verlegung aortaler Gefäßabgänge.

Liegt die Dissektion im Bereich der Aorta ascendens, besteht die Behandlung in der Implantation eines klappentragenden Konduits mit Reimplantation der Koronararterien. Der vollständige Ersatz der Aorta ascendens mit Erhalt der Aortenklappe wird von einigen Chirurgen favorisiert, die Langzeitergebnisse müssen jedoch vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung einer Aorteninsuffizienz kritisch betrachtet werden. Die Indikation zum „prophylaktischen” Ersatz der Aorta wird aufgrund der Erfahrungen der letzten Jahre zunehmend gestellt. Anhand eines „Entscheidungsbaums” läßt sich die Indikation zur operativen Behandlung heute relativ klar definieren (Abbildung 1). Die niedrige Letalität des elektiven Ersatzes der Aorta ascendens im Vergleich zum Eingriff unter Notfallbedingungen spricht für eine frühe Entscheidung zur operativen Behandlung.

Für die Langzeitprognose der Patienten ist eine engmaschige kontinuierliche kardiologische Betreuung entscheidend. Die Patienten sollten an ein Zentrum gebunden sein, in dem die diagnostischen Möglichkeiten vorhanden sind und ausreichende Erfahrungen mit der medikamentösen und der chirurgischen Therapie bestehen, um die Lebenserwartung auch in Zukunft weiter verbessern zu können.

Abstract

Patients with Marfan’s syndrome suffer mainly from the cardiovascular manifestations of the disease, in particular the acute dissection or rupture of the dilated aorta. Due to improved diagnostic and early surgical intervention the life expectancy of these patients could be considerably improved. However, rupture is still the most frequent and dissection the second frequent cause of death. Life threatening complications of aortic dissection are pericardial effusion, aortic insufficiency and malperfusion syndrome, due to obstruction of aortic branches.

Dissection of the ascending aorta is treated by implantation of a valved conduit with reimplantation of the coronary arteries. Some surgeons favor the complete replacement of the ascending aorta with preservation of the aortic valve, although long-term results show some development of aortic insufficiency after this procedure. Based on the experience of the last years, most surgeons prefer the prophylactic replacement of the aorta in Marfan patients, i.e. before complications have occurred. A special treatment algorithm helps to define the indication for the operative treatment in different manifestations of the disease. The low mortality of the elective replacement of the ascending aorta in contrast to replacement in emergency cases speaks in favor of the early operative treatment.

For the long-term prognosis of the patient a closed and continuous cardiologic surveillance is mandatory. The patient should be close to a center with the necessary diagnostic tools and with sufficient experience with the medical and surgical treatment, in order to further improve the life expectancy in the future.

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Correspondence to Rüdiger Lange.

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Lange, R., Ebert, E. Chirurgische Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Manifestationen des Marfan-Syndroms. Herz 24, 634–641 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044488

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