Skip to main content
Log in

Patency, Perfusion und Prognose beim akuten Herzinfarkt

Patency, perfusion, and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction

  • Published:
Herz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Das Ziel der Akuttherapie bei Patienten mit Herzinfarkt ist die schnellstmögliche Wiederherstellung des Blutflusses im Infarktgefäß, um damit eine Reperfusion des ischämischen Myokards, eine Minimierung der Infarktgröße, einen Erhalt der linksventrikulären Funktion und eine Reduktion der Infarktsterblichkeit zu erreichen. Übereinstimmend konnte gezeigt werden, daß der klinischen Nutzen unabhängig ist von der Methode der Reperfusion (Thrombolyse oder PTCA), sondern vor allem von der Zeit zwischen Symptombeginn und Rekanalisation abhängt. Eine Reihe angiographischer Studien zur thrombolytischen Therapie des Infarkts konnte die Bedeutung des frühen Blutflusses im Infarktgefäß für die Prognose belegen. Dabei war ein normaler Fluß (TIMI-3-Patency) mit einer geringen Mortalität von 3 bis 4% verbunden, während Patienten mit einem persistierenden Verschluß eine deutlich höhere Mortalität von 9 bis 10% zeigten. Die Akutangiographie zur Erfolgskontrolle nach einer Thrombolyse ist aber invasiv, teuer und auch nicht überall verfügbar. Außerdem ist ein normaler Blutfluß im Infarktgefäß auch nicht notwendigerweise mit einer sofortigen Reperfusion des ischämischen Myokards verbunden. Das Ausmaß der Rückbildung der ST-Strecken-Hebungen im Aufnahme-EKG, die sogenannte ST-Resolution, und die Kontrastechokardiographie scheinen die Reperfusion auf zellulärer Ebene besser zu dokumentieren als die epikardiale Patency. Die klinische Bedeutung dieser beiden Methoden über die Patency hinaus dokumentieren Studien mit angiographisch erfolgreicher Reperfusionstherapie, in denen Patienten mit normalem Fluß in dem epikardialen Infarktgefäß (TIMI-3-Patency), aber ohne ST-Rückbildung oder mit persistierendem Defekt in der Kontrastechokardiographie eine signifikant höhere Sterblichkeit und auch eine schlechtere linksventrikuläre Funktion zeigten als Patienten mit TIMI-3-Patency und kompletter ST-Rückbildung oder normalem Kontrastechokardiogramm. Die ST-Resolution und die Kontrastechokardiographie zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung, so daß die einfachere ST-Resolution in der klinischen Routine sicherlich die bevorzugte Methode zur Einschätzung der myokardialen Reperfusion darstellt.

Zusammenfassend bleibt festzustellen, daß eine frühe komplette Wiederherstellung des Blutflusses im Infarktgefäß (TIMI-3-Patency) eine Grundlage für eine erfolgreiche Reperfusion des ischämischen Myokards beim akuten Myokardinfarkt darstellt, diese aber nicht notwendigerweise garantiert. ST-Resolution und Kontrastechokardiographie erlauben eine gute Einschätzung der myokardialen Perfusion und auch der klinischen Prognose. Neben einer möglichst schnellen Einleitung einer effektiven Reperfusionstherapie scheint der Einsatz von verbesserten Thrombozytenfunktionshemmern, den Glykoprotein-IIb/IIIa-Rezeptor-Hemmern, als adjuvante Maßnahme zur Reperfusionstherapie mit Thrombolyse und PTCA eine Verbesserung der mikrovaskulären Durchblutung und der myokardialen Perfusion zu erbringen.

Abstract

Early restoration of bloodflow in the infarct-related coronary artery is the principal mechanism by which early reperfusion therapies may improve outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The beneficial effect of reperfusion is independent of the therapy used (thrombolysis or PTCA), but as shown in many studies, depends very much on the time to reperfusion. The achievement of a normal bloodflow in the infarct vessel, the so called TIMI 3 patency is considered to be the gold standard for the evaluation of the success of reperfusion therapy. However, there is increasing evidence from recent studies, that restoration of epicardial bloodflow does not necessarily indicate perfusion at the myocardial level. As unequivocally shown by contrast echocardiography using intracoronary injections of microbubbles, this is true even for TIMI Grade 3 flow, which correlates most strongly with prognosis and usually is associated with a very low mortality of about 3 to 4%. Angiographic patency not only is a sometimes unreliable indicator of myocardial reperfusion, but also involves an invasive procedure, is expensive and not universally available. A readily available and simple indicator of reperfusion is the early resolution of ST segment elevation. Complete ST resolution at 90 or 180 minutes after the initiation of treatment is associated with an excellent prognosis, even better than TIMI 3 patency. In contrast, no ST resolution indicates an in-hospital mortality which is about 8-fold greater than with complete ST resolution. Since ST resolution may be more closely related with the relief of ischemia than angiographic patency, the prognostic power of the combination of both indicators should be greater than that of either of them alone. Thus, it is evident from many studies that patency of the infarct-related artery is necessary for myocardial salvage in acute myocardial infarction, but it has to be achieved rapidly and has to be complete and sustained. However, even an early and perfect angiographic result achieved by thrombolysis or PTCA, does not consistently indicate myocardial reperfusion, and the mechanisms of the often called no-reflow phenomenon are still poorly understood. The possible contribution of reperfusion injury to poor clinical outcomes after adequate epicardial flow has been restored is also a matter of controversy and deserves further research. Promising results were derived from studies with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, in which improved microvascular flow and myocardial reperfusion were observed, when these agents were used as adjunct to thrombolysis and PTCA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literatur

  1. Claeys MJ, Bosmans J, Veentrstra L, et al. Determinants and prognostic implications of persistent ST-segment elevation after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: importances of microvascular reperfusion injury on clinical outcome. Circulation 1999; 99:1972–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. De Lemos J, Antman EM, Gibson CM, et al. Resolution of ST-elevation corelates with infarct-artery patency and flow after thrombolysis: a TIMI 14 substudy. Circulation 1998;98:Suppl I: 1–424.

    Google Scholar 

  3. De Wood M, Spores J, Notske R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1980;303:897–901.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fath-Ordoubadi F, Huehns TY, AI-Mohammed A, et al. Significance of the TIMI scoring system in assessing infarct-related artery reperfusion and mortality rates after acute myocardial infarction Am Heart J 1997;134:62–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) collaborative group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbitidy results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994;343:311–22.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, et al. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation 1996; 93:879–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Rizzo MJ, et al. Relationship between TIMI frame count and clinical outcomes after thrombolytic administration. Circulation 1999; 99:1945–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. GUSTO-IIb Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. An international randomized trial of 1138 patients comparing primary coronary angioplasty versus tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1621–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Iliceto S, Marangelli V, Marchese A, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Pathophysiological background and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 1996;17:344–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ito H, Maruayama A, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon. Circulation 1996;93:223–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ito H, Tommoka T, Sakai N, et al. Lack of myocardial perfusion immediately after successful thrombolysis: a predictor of poor recovery of left ventricular function in anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992; 85:1699–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Karagounis L, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL, et al. Does TIMI perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly patent artery or a mostly occluded artery? Enzymatic and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-2 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lenderink T, Simoons ML, van Es GA, et al. Benefit of thrombolytic therapy is sustained throughout five years and is related to TIMI perfusion grade 3 but not grade 2 flow at discharge. The European Cooperative Study Group. Circulation 1995;92:1110–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, Califf RM, et al. for the TAMI Study Group. Significance of a coronary artery with TIMI grade 2 flow patency (outcome in the thrombolysis and angioplasty in myocardial infarction trials). Am J Cardiol 1995;75:871–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Neuhaus KL, Molhoek GP, Zeymer U, et al. Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) for the improvement of thrombolysis with streptokinase in patents with acute myocardial infarction: results of the HIT-4 study. J Am Coll Cardiol (in press).

  16. Neuhaus KL, Zeymer U, Tebbe U, et al. Resolution of ST segment elevation is an early predictor of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Meta analysis of three thrombolysis trials. Circulation 1998;98:Suppl I:I-632.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Neumann FJ, Blasini R, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade on recovery of coronary flow and left ventricular function after the plcement of coronary-artery stents in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;98:2695–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Porter TR, Li S, Oster R, et al. The clinical implications of no reflow demonstrated with intravenous perfluorocarbon containing microbubbles following restoration of TIMI 3 flow in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1998;82: 1173–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Reiner JS, Lundergan CF, Fung A, et al. Evolution of early TIMI 2 flow after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996; 94:2441–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ross AM, Neuhaus KL, Ellis SG. Frequent lack of concordance among core laboratories in assessing TIMI flow grade after reperfusion therapy. Circulation 1995;92:Suppl I:I-718.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sakuma T, Hayashi Y, Sumii K, et al. Prediction of short- and intermediate-term prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction using myocardial contrast echocardiography one day after recanalization. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:890–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Santoro GM, Valenti R, Buonamici L, et al. Relation between ST-segment changes and myocardial perfusion evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:932–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schröder R, Dissmann R, Brüggemann T, et al. Extent of early ST segment elevation resolution: a simple but strong predictor of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:384–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Schröder R, Wegscheider K, Schröder K, et al. for the INJECT Trial Group. Extent of early ST segment elevation resolution: a strong predictor of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction and a sensitive measure to compare thrombolytic regimens. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1657–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schröder R, Zeymer U, Wegscheider K, et al. Predictive value of ST segment elevation resolution 90 and 180 minutes after start of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. A substudy of the hirudin for improvement of thrombolysis (HIT)-4 study. Eur Heart J (in press).

  26. Simes RJ, Topol EJ, Holmes DR Jr, et al. Link between the angiographic substudy and mortality outcomes in a large randomised trial of myocardial reperfusion: importance of early and complete infarct artery perfusion. Circulation 1995;91:1923–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tan WAT, Moliterno DJ. TIMI flow and surrogate end points: what you see is not always what you get. Am Heart J 1998; 136:570–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. TIMI Study Group. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trial:phase I findings. N Engl J Med 1985;312:932–6.

    Google Scholar 

  29. van’t Hof AWJ, Liem A, de Boer MJ, et al. for the Zwolle Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Clinical value of 12-lead electrocardiogram after successful reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350:615–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. van’t Hof AWJ, Liem A, Suryapranata H, et al. Angiographic assessment of myocardial reperfusion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Myocardial blush grade. Circulation 1998;97:2302–6.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Vogt A, von Essen R, Tebbe U, et al. Impact of early perfusion status of the infarct-related artery on short-term mortality after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: retrospective analysis of four german multicenter studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1391–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wegscheider K, Neuhaus KL, Dissmann R, et al. Prognostische Bedeutung der ST-Streckenveränderung beim akuten Myokardinfarkt. Herz (im Druck).

  33. Zeymer U, Schröder R, Molhoek P, et al. for the HIT-4 Investigators. Non-invasive assessment of infarct-related artery patency after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction by ST resolution: results of the HIT-4 angiographic substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:Suppl A:324A.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Zeymer U, Schröder R, Molhoek P, et al. for the HIT-4 Investigators. 90-min patency, 90-min and 180-min resolution of ST-segment elevation are equally effective predictors of 30-day mortality after thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the HIT-4 study. Circulation 1997;96:Suppl I:I-203.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zeymer U, Schröder R, Tebbe U, et al. Erfolgskontrolle nach Thrombolyse beim akuten Herzinfarkt. Angiographische Patency oder ST Resolution im EKG? J Kardiol (im Druck).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zeymer, U., Schröder, R. & Neuhaus, KL. Patency, Perfusion und Prognose beim akuten Herzinfarkt. Herz 24, 421–429 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044428

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044428

Schlüsselwörter

Key Words

Navigation