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Aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie der akuten Lungenembolie

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism

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Zusammenfassung

Die Diagnose der akuten Lungenembolie bleibt weiterhin eine schwierige Aufgabe aufgrund der häufig unspezifischen klinischen Symptomatik der Patienten. Trotz der Verfügbarkeit szintigraphischer und angiographischer Verfahren konnte in den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten keine deutliche Verbesserung der Nachweisrate oder der Prognose der venösen Thromboembolie erzielt werden, insbesondere bei Patienten mit hämodynamisch wirksamen Ereignissen. Diese Erkenntnis unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit eines effektiveren Behandlungskonzepts mit klar definierten Prioritäten auf der Basis einer Risikostratifikation der Patienten.

Bei der initialen diagnostischen Abklärung des Verdachts auf akute Lungenembolie etabliert sich nun zunehmend die Bestimmung der D-Dimer-Konzentration im Plasma. Bei stabilen Patienten ohne Begleiterkrankungen kann ein negatives Ergebnis die Lungenembolie zuverlässig ausschließen und den Patienten somit weitere diagnostische Untersuchungen ersparen. Die Echokardiographie erlaubt nichtinvasiv am Patientenbett den Nachweis einer akuten Rechtscherzbelastung und damit eines hämodynamisch wirksamen thromboembolischen Ereignisses. Auf diese Weise können Patienten mit hohem kardiovaskulären Risiko in der Akutphase sofort erkannt und behandelt werden.

In diesem Zusammenhang zeigten kürzlich publizierte Untersuchungen, daß das Vorliegen einer akuten Rechtsherzbelastung die Indikation zur thrombolytischen Behandlung der akuten Lungenembolie stellen kann. Dies gilt auch für Patienten mit initial stabilem arteriellen Blutdruck. Bei Patienten ohne hämodynamische Beeinträchtigung kann dagegen das Antikoagulationsschema durch den Einsatz niedermolekularer Heparine inzwischen wesentlich vereinfacht werden.

Im Falle eines nicht diagnoseweisenden Echokardiogramms sind angiographische Verfahren hinsichtlich Sensitivität und Spezifität der noch sehr häufig verwendeten Lungenszintigraphie deutlich überlegen. Dabei hat das Spiralcomputertomogramm den Vorteil der geringeren Invasivität im Vergleich zur konventionellen Pulmonalisangiographie. Schließlich kann der Ausschluß einer kleinen Lungenembolie bei stabilen Patienten mit normalem Echokardiogramm mittels Szintigraphie erfolgen, die therapeutischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich aber in diesem Fall primär aus dem Nachweis — oder Ausschluß — einer proximalen tiefen Beinvenenthrombose.

Abstract

Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) remains a challenge due to the often confusing clinical presentation of the disease. Plasma D-dimer testing with ELISA is increasingly becoming part of the initial diagnostic work up. Due to the high specificity of the assay, a negative test can reliably exclude PE. Importantly, massive PE can be promptly diagnosed or excluded by echocardiography which is a particularly valuable noninvasive method for detection of right ventricular dysfunction at the bedside. High-risk patients can thus be identified and treated immediately without further time-consuming examinations. Confirmation of PE in patients with inconclusive or normal echocardiograms is often based on lung scans, but diagnostic uncertainty is common with this procedure. The popularity of pulmonary angiography is decreasing due to its invasiveness, whereas spiral CT appears to be a promising alternative. Search for (residual) deep vein thrombosis is useful for guiding therapy in stable patients with small pulmonary emboli, since their risk is determined by the potential for PE recurrence.

Recent evidence confirmed that right ventricular dysfunction predicts an unfavorable prognosis and might therefore justify thrombolytic treatment of massive PE regardless of systemic hemodynamics. On the other hand, simplified anticoagulation regimens with low-molecular weight heparins have yielded very promising results in stable patients. These diagnostic and therapeutic principles based on cardiovascular risk stratification will hopefully result in a more effective approach to patients with venous thromboembolism in the future.

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Correspondence to Stavros Konstantinides.

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Konstantinides, S. Aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie der akuten Lungenembolie. Herz 24, 411–420 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03044427

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