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Latest Frasnian and earliest Famennian (Late Devonian) bivalves from the Montagne Noire (France)

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Abstract

Twenty one species of bivalves included within 13 genera are described from the latest Frasnian and earliest Famennian (Late Devonian) of the Montagne Noire, France. Twelve new species and 4 new genera are described(Cabricardium sedolor n. gen., n. sp.;C. archi n. gen., n. sp.;Disarnella helena n. gen., n. sp.;D. spyridion n. gen., n. sp.;Lunulacardium petrboki n. sp.;L. passula n. sp.;Metrocardia myrmedon n. gen., n. sp.;M. rouxiana n. gen., n. sp.;M. frydai n. gen., n. sp.;Karkulum rubrum n. gen., n. sp.;K. toros n. gen., n. sp.;Cheiopteria feisti n. sp.). They form at least four bivalve-dominated communities of theCheiopteria Community Group which are analogous to the communities of this group known from the Silurian of North Gondwanan and Perunican Europe. Analyses of the bivalve-dominated communities show that in the region of the Montagne Noire near the Frasnian and Famennian boundary, unique restricted conditions developed for the explosive adaptive radiation of the bivalves after the Kellwasser Event (late Frasnian) in the sedimentation environment of the black calcareous shale and micritic limestone sedimentation. The bottom waters, which were not deep (just below wave base), were temporarily ventilated by surface currents, as is documented by current oriented empty bactritid shells, by temporary mass extinction of juvenile bivalves unable to survive longer periods of hypoxia, by the lack of trilobites, by the limited occurrence of brachiopods and by the drift of bivalve, ostracode, brachiopod, bactritid and goniatite larvae into the region of the Montagne Noire. Similar facies of black shale with nodules or intercalations of dark micritic to biodetrital bituminous limestone with bivalve-dominated communities which developed after the Kellwasser Event are known also in the late Frasnian and earliest Famennian of Morocco, the South Urals and Poland.

Kurzfassung

21 Bivalvia-Arten aus 13 Gattungen werden aus dem höchsten Frasnium und tiefsten Famennium (Oberdevon) der Montagne Noire, Frankreich, beschrieben. 12 neue Arten und 4 neue Gattungen werden aufgestellt(Cabricardium sedolor n. gen., n. sp.;C. archi n. gen., n. sp.;Disarnella helena n. gen., n. sp.;D. spyridion n. gen., n. sp.;Lunulacardium petrboki n. sp.;L. passula n. sp.;Metrocardia myrmedon n. gen., n. sp.;M. rouxiana n. gen., n. sp.;M. frydai n. gen., n. sp.;Karkulum rubrum n. gen., n. sp.;K. toros n. gen., n. sp.;Cheiopteria feisti n. sp.). Sie gehören mindestens vier von Bivalvia dominierten Faunengemeinschaften derCheiopteria-Gruppe an, die analog mit Gemeinschaften dieser Gruppe aus dem Silur von Nord-Gondwana und dem europäischen Perunica sind. Die Analysen der von Bivalvia dominierten Gemeinschaften ergeben, dass im Frasnium Famennium-Übergang in der Montagne Noire sich die einzigartigen restriktiven Bedingungen zur explosionsartigen adaptativen Radiation der Bivalvia nach dem Kellwasser-Event (Oberes Frasnium) im Sedimentationsmilieu von schwarzen Kalkschiefern und mikritischen Kalken bildeten. Der nicht allzu tiefe, gerade unterhalb der Wellenbasis liegende Meeresboden wurde zeitweise durch oberflächliche Wasserbewegungen ventiliert, wie durch strömungsorientierte, leere Bactritengehäuse, zeitweises Massensterben juveniler Bivalven, die längere hypoxische Perioden nicht überstanden, Fehlen von Trilobiten, beschränktes Vorkommen von Brachiopoden sowie durch Verfrachtung von Bivalvia-, Ostracoden-, Brachiopoden-, Bactritiden- und Goniatitenlarven in der Gegend der Montagne Noire dokumentiert wird. Ähnliche Schwarzschieferfazies mit Knollen und Einlagerungen von dunklen, mikritischen sowie biodetritischen, bituminösen Kalken mit von Bivalvia dominierten Gemeinschaften, die sich nach dem Kellwasser-Event bildeten, sind auch im Ober-Frasnium und untersten Famennium von Marokko, aus dem Süd-Ural und aus Polen bekannt.

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  1. Division of Regional Geology of Sedimentary Formations, Czech Geological Survey, P.O.B. 85, 118 21, CZ-Praha, 011, Czech Republic

    Jiří Kříž Ph.D.

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Kříž, J. Latest Frasnian and earliest Famennian (Late Devonian) bivalves from the Montagne Noire (France). Senckenbergiana lethaea 84, 85–123 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03043467

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