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Neue Algorithmen zur Diskriminierung zwischen supraventrikulären und ventrikuären Tachyarrhythmien bei Patienten met implantierbarem Kardioverter-Defibrillator

New algorithms for discrimination between supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter/defibrillator

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Zusammenfassung

Die Spezifität der Detektion ventrikulärer Tachykardien ist in gegenwärtigen implantierbaren Kardioverter/Defibrillatoren (ICD) erheblich, eingeschränkt. Die technische Konzeption einer allein frequenzgebundenen Arrhythmiedetektion durch die einkanalige Analyse endokardialer elektrischer Signale erlaubt keine ausreichende Trennung zwischen supraventrikulären und ventrikulären Arrhythmien. Mindestens 25% aller dokumentierten elektrischen Therapien durch ICD-Systeme sind bedingt durch eine falsch positive Detektion supraventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien.

Der Einsatz alternativer Detektionsalgorithmen, die nicht auf der Analyse endokardialer, elektrischer Signale beruhen, ist durch Probleme der Langzeitstabilität und des Energiebedarfes eingeschränkt.

Unter Beibehaltung des eingeführten technischen Konzeptes der Arrhythmiedetektion erlaubt die Analyse der zeitlichen Abfolge endokardialer Signale, wie die Beurteilung der Variabilität der Zykluslängen konsekutiver R-R Intervalle (“Rate-Stability”-Stabilitätskriterium) und die Beurteilung des plötzlichen Beginns einer Tachykardie (“Rate-Onset”) eine klinisch, signifikante Steigerung der Spezifität der Arrhythmiedetektion in ICD-Systemen. Detektionsalgorithmen, die auf der Morphologieanalyse endokardialer Signale beruhen, erlauben zwar eine deutliche Verbesserung der Differenzierung atrialer und ventrikulärer Rhythmen, wurden aber in der klinischen Therapie mit ICD-Systemen bis 1992 nur im beschränkten Umfang eingesetzt. Mit der Einführung des “width criterion”, das auf der vergleichenden Bestimmung der Breite endokardialer Signale beruht, wurde 1995 wieder erneut ein morphologisches Detektionskriterium in die klinische ICD-Therapie eingeführt. In den Jahren 1995 und 1996 erfolgten die Implantationen der ersten beiden Modellreihen eines Zweikammer-ICD-Systems mit der Option zu einer atrio-ventrikulären Arrhythmiedetektion und DDD-Antibradykardiestimulation. Von diesen DDD-ICD-Systemen ist der größte Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Spezifität der Detektion ventrikulärer Arrhythmien zu erwarten. Eine Reihe validierter Detektionsalgorithmen basieren auf der Erkennung atrialer und ventrikulärar Frequenzen deren Stabilität, Akzeleration und die Beurteilung der Assoziation zwischen atrialen und ventrikulären Signalen erlauben eine deutliche Steigerung der Genauigkeit in der Differenzierung supraventrikulärer und ventrikulärer Tachykardien. Von der zusätzlichen Implementierung morphologiegestützer Detektionsalgorithmen in DDD-ICD-Systems kann zukünftig eine Lösung des Problems der eingeschränkten Spezifität von ICD-Systemen in der Erkennung ventrikulärer Tachykardien erwartet werden.

Summary

The current therapy with implantable cardioverter/defibrillators (ICD) is lacking specificity. The technical concept of arrhythmia detection, as a single channel ventricular rate threshold does not provide a clear differentiation between supraventricular and ventricular rhythms. Nearly 25% of all ICD-therapies are related to a false positive detection of supraventricular arrhythmias.

The use of alternative, non rate based detection algorithms is limited due to the reduced long-term stability of the sensors and due to a high battery drain. Based on the current concept of arrhythmia detection, the use of additional timing algorithms as the variability of consecutive RR-cycle length (“Rate-Stability”) and the detection of a sudden acceleration in the ventricular rate (“Rate-Onset”) provide a clinical relevant increase in specificity in ICD-therapy. A further class of detection algorithms uses the morphologic assessment of intracardiac electrograms. Despite the fact that these morphology based algorithms have shown a high sensitivity and specificity in the discrimination between ventricular and non-ventricular rhythms, only one algorithm was implemented in ICD-generators and the clinical importance in ICD-therapy was very small. In 1995 a new morphology based detection algorithm was introduced in ICD-therapy. The “width criterion” is based on the measurment of the duration of the intracardiac signal. In 1995 and 1996 the first two series of a dual chamber ICD system were introduced in clinical ICD-therapy. These devices provide a two-channel atrio-ventricular arrhythmia detection in connection with a DDD antibradycardia pacing therapy. The use of DDD-ICD systems is expected to be a great step forward to enhance diagnostic specificty. A number of rate and timing detection algorithms and algorithms comparing the assoziation of atrial and ventricular signals may improve the discrimination between supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The future implementation of additional morphology based detection algorithms in DDD-ICD systems may solve the problem of the limited detection specificity in clinical ICD-therapy.

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Neuzner, J., Schlepper, M. Neue Algorithmen zur Diskriminierung zwischen supraventrikulären und ventrikuären Tachyarrhythmien bei Patienten met implantierbarem Kardioverter-Defibrillator. Herzschr Elektrophys 8, 53–61 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03042478

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