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Zirkadiane Variation ventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien bei Patienten mit implantierbarem Kardioverter-Defibrillator

Circadian variation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

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Zusammenfassung

Eine zirkadiane Variabilität konnte für den plötzlichen Herztod und den akuten Myokardinfarkt in zahlreichen Studien nachgewiesen werden. Diese Studien basierten in der Hauptsache auf Notfallprotokollen, Augenzeugenberichten und der Auswertung medizinischer Archive. Seit der Einführung implantierbarer Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren (ICD) ist es möglich, die tageszeitliche Verteilung plötzlicher Herztodesfälle über einen Langzeitverlauf systematisch zu evaluieren. Mit Hilfe integrierter Speicherfunktionen der neuesten Generationen dieser Aggregate wie RR-Intervalle, Uhrzeitspeicher und zuletzt endokardiale Elektrogramme können die dokumentierten Arrhythmien liegen für verschiedene kardiale Grunderkrankungen vor. Bei Patienten mit dilatativer Kardiomyopathie scheint ein Maximum ventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien am Abend vorzuherrschen. Für Koronarkranke wurde in der Mehrzahl der vorliegenden Studien ein Häufigkeitsgipfel in den Vormittagsstunden ermittelt. Im Hinblick auf den Einfluß von β-Blockern und anderer antiarrhythmischer Substanzen konnte in den bisherigen Untersuchungen an diesem Hochrisikokollektiv bisher kein signifikanter Effekt auf die tageszeitliche Variation von Arrhythmieepisoden gefunden werden. Subgruppenanalysen zu den zirkadianen Verteilungsmustern für schnelle und langsame Tachykardien ergaben unterschiedliche Resultate. Einige Untersuchungen konnten eine höhere Variabilität für schnelle Tachykardien ermitteln. Andere kamen zu vergleichbaren Verteilungsmustern für langsame und schnelle Tachyarrhythmien. Bei einer höhergradigen Herzinsuffizienz ist die zirkadiane Variabilität weniger ausgeprägt. Erste Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß berufstätige und jüngere Patienten eher einer ungleichen Verteilung arrhythmischer Episoden über den Tag unterliegen als Patienten mit einem reduzierten Aktivitätsniveau In Zukunft sollte der Einfluß antiarrhythmischer Substanzen auf die zirkadiane Verteiling maligner Tachyarrhythmien und deren Triggerfaktoren geprüft werden, um präventive Maßnahmen einleiten zu können.

Summary

For the acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death a circadian variation can be observed. There are several, mostly epidemiological studies that demonstrate this non-uniform distribution of events in different day-time periods. These studies are in the vast majority based on eye-witness reports, medical documents and retrospective evaluation of the timing of the event. Moreover, they represent only singular observations in a heterogeneous population. With the introduction of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators which provide extensive diagnostic features such as stored RR-intervals, endocardial electrograms of each episode and internal time storage, an exact analysis of the circadian variation of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias became feasible. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias follow a different circadian distribution with increased number of events at certain day-time periods. For patients with a coronary artery disease a significantly higher risk to experience a potentially fatal arrhythmia could be shown for the mid-morning hours and a secondary peak occurrence for the late afternoon and the early evening. Patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy tend to have a higher probability of events in the evening hours. With respect to β-blockers and other antiarrhythmic drugs most of the studies failed to confirm a blunting influence on the degree of variability for fast arrhythmias. Others showed similar patterns for fast and slow tachycardias. Another clinical parameter, the degree of congestive heart failure was in some studies found to influence the pattern in the sense of causing a distinct difference in occurrence frequency. A higher vairation was determined for lower NYHA classes < III. Other studies were contrary to these findings. The activity level before the onset of arrhythmias has yet been only insufficiently analyzed regarding the day-time-variability. But first results make believe, that patients younger than 50 years and still involved in the working process seem to follow a more varying circadian distribution. More substudies will have to be performed to compare working and nonworking patients and patients with different structural heart diseases. Furthermore ther influence of antiarrhythmic agents on the day-time-variation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias should be assessed. Finally, there, should be systematic prospective studies that evaluate the influence of drug administration on triggers of ventricular tachyarrhythmias such as sympathoadrenergic activity, premature ventricular beats, reduction of heart rate variability and others with respect to their day-time-variability.

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Wolpert, C., Jung, W., Spehl, S. et al. Zirkadiane Variation ventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien bei Patienten mit implantierbarem Kardioverter-Defibrillator. Herzschr Elektrophys 8, 46–52 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03042477

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