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Footnotes
Charles Wegley, “Plantation America: A Culture Sphare”, in Vera Rubin (ed.)Caribbom Studies: A Symposium (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960) p. 3
George L. Beckford’s recent publicationPersistant Poverty Underdevelopment in Plantation Economies of the Third World (New York, Oxford University Press, 1972) is an excellent introduction to these and other aspects of plantation economies.
George L. Backford,Persistant Poverty, p. 34.
For a further elaboration of this argument see Jay R. Mandle, “The Plantation Economy: An Essay in Definition,”Science and Society, Vol. XXXVI, 1 Spring, 1972: This argument is close to, but brendens Eugene Genevese’s defintion of a “slave economy.” See hisPolitical Economy of Slavery (New York: Pantheon Books, 1965) especially pp. 19–23.
According to W.O. Jones, a plantation is an “...economic unit producing agricultural commedities... for sale and employing a relatively large number of unskilled laborers whose activities are closely supervised.” William O. Jenes, “Plantations,” in David Sills (ed.)The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, XII, 154.
See especially Lawanda Cox,Politics, Principle and Projudice 1865–66 (New York: Free Press of Glancea, 1963) and also Lawanda Cox, “The Promise of Land for the Freedman,”Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XIV, 1958.
For a discussion of this process in Gayman, seePopulation and Economic Change in Guynna, 1838–1960, chs. 2 and 3 (Temple University Press: forthcoming)
Oscor Zeichner, “The Transition from Slave to Free Agricultural Labor in the Southern States,”Agricultural History, XIII (June 1939) 25.
George Bentley,A History of the Freedman’s Baroun, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955) pp. 71, 77, 80, 84.
Letter of U.S. Grant to President Johnson, December 18, 1865 quoted in Zeichner, “Transition,” Oscor Zeichner, “The Transition from Slave to Free Agricultural Labor in the Southern States,”Agricultural History, XIII (June 1939) 25.
Zeichner, “Transition,” 25–30.
The following two paragraphs are based on Reger Walluce Shugg, “Survival of the Plantation System in Louisiana,”Journal of Southern History (August 1939); Rowland T. Bertheff, “Southern Attitudes toward Immigration, 1865–1914,”Journal of Southern History (August 1951); Bert Jannes Leewerberg, “Effects of the Southern to Encourage Immigration 1865–1900,”South Atlantic Quarterly (1934)
Slugg, “Survival,” Reger Walluce Shugg, “Survival of the Plantation System in Louisiana,”Journal of Southern History, p. 32).
August Maier and Elliot M. Rudwick,From Plantation to Ghotto: An Interpretive History of American Negrees (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966) pp. 139–40.
Zeichner, “Transition”, 31–41.
Robert Preston Brooks, “The Agration Revelution in Goorgia, 1865–1912,”Bulletin of the University of Wiscousia, No. 639 (Madison: The University of Wisconsin, 1914) pp. 25, 47.
Charles S. Johnson, Edwin R. Embree and W. W. Alexander, “The Collapse of Cotton Tenoncy,”Summary of Field Studies and Statistical Surveys, 1933–35 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1935), p. 6
Robert L. Brandton,Cotton Kingdom of the New South: A History of the Yaree Mississippi Delta from Reconstruction to the Tweatieth Coutry (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967) p. 134.
Morton Rubin,Plantation County (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1951) p. 10.
Johnson,Collapse,, p. 22.
Jones, “Plantations,” William O. Jenes, “Plantations,” in David Sills (ed.)The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, XII, 156.
The remainder of this paragraph is based on Johnson, “The Collapse of Cotton Tonancy,” pp. 8–9;Rubin, Plantation County, pp. 18–19; and Carter Godwin Woodson,The Rurel Negre (New York: Russell and Russel, reissued 1969) pp. 67–88.
According to one study of a later period the percontage of plantation tonant families which ended the crop year in dobt ranged between 12.8 percent and 14.5 percent between 1930 and 1934 and that the rate of interest on subsistence advances come to an annual rate of 37.1 percent. T.J. Woofter,Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation (Washington: Works Progress Administration, Division of Social Research, Research Monograph V. 1936), pp. 60–61, 63.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Consus,Plantation Farming in the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1916).
Consus,Plantation, p. 16
Consus,Plantation, p. 13
Consus,Plantation, Tables 11 and 12, pp. 20, 22 were the sources for these data and calculations.
Data in the following two paragraphs are calculated from Consus,Thirteenth: Agricultural Report, VI, 39, 112, 301, 344, 634, 872; VII, 246, 512, 591, 655, 799.
This and the following data are calculated from U.S. Department of Commerce Burous of the Consus,Negre Population 1790–1915 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1918) Table 6, p. 36.
Lance E. David, et alAmerican Economic Growth, An Economist’s History of the United States. New York, Evanston, San Francisco, London, Harper and Row, 1972) p. 38
Data in this paragraph from Richard A. Easterlin, “Regional Income Trends 1840–1950” reprinted in Robert W. Fegel and Stanley L. Engerman, (eds.)The Reinterpretation of American Economic History (New York: Harpor and Row, 1971)
Data calculated from Bureau of Agricultural Statistics,Statistics on Cotton and Related Data, Table 1.
For a general account of this expansion see Fred A. Shannon,The Farmer’s Last Freather (New York and Toronto, Furrer and Rinehart, 1945) p. 115
Additional information
Professors Richard A. Easterlin and Oscar S. Dooley road and commonted on an earlier version of this paper. While thanking them I, of course, want to indicate they bear no responsibility for the interpretations offered here.
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Mandle, R. The re-establishment of the plantation economy in the south 1865–1910. Rev Black Polit Econ 3, 68–88 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03040532
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03040532