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Passivsammler für die zeitintegrierte chemische und toxikologische Überwachung des Schadstoffgehaltes in Grund- und Oberflächenwasser

Passive samplers for the time-integrated monitoring of contaminants in groundwater and surface water

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Zusammenfassung

Die Verfügbarkeit von qualitativ hochwertigem Wasser ist ein wichtiger Aspekt für den Schutz der belebten Umwelt und der Lebensqualität des Menschen. Bei der Überwachung der Qualität von Grund- und Oberflächenwasser kommt der Probennahme eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Dabei ist die zeitintegrierte Anreicherung von Schadstoffen in der Umwelt mittels passiver Probennehmer eine attraktive Alternative zur konventionellen Stichprobennahme. Durch einein situ Aufkonzentrierung ermöglichen passive Probennehmer das Erfassen auch gering konzentrierter Kontaminanten bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung von Kosten und Aufwand für eine kontinuierliche Überwachung. Man erhält Informationen über den gesamten Beprobungszeitraum und vermeidet Transport und Lagerung großer Probenvolumina. Matrixeffekte werden durch die selektive Anreicherung verringert.

Verschiedene Passivsammler werden bisher zur Beprobung im aquatischen Bereich eingesetzt. Anfangs wurden wassergefüllte Dialyse-Schläuche verwendet, um Spurenelemente zu bestimmen. Später wurden Lösemittel-gefüllte Sammler und Trioleingefüllte “Semipermeable Membrane Devices” (SPMDs) eingesetzt. In neueren Entwicklungen werden als Sammler-Phase sorptive Festphasen verwendet. Beispiele hierzu sind die “Solid Phase Microextraction” (SPME) und das “Membrane Enclosed Sorptive Coating” System (MESCO). Neben der Miniaturisierung haben diese beiden Probennehmer den Vorteil, dass sie thermodesorbierbar sind und somit ohne den Einsatz von Lösemitteln chemisch analysiert werden können.

Gegenwärtig werden die gewonnenen Proben vom Probennehmer mittels Lösemitteln extrahiert oder thermodesorbiert und meist chemisch analysiert. Im Sinne einer kombinierten chemisch-biologischen Analyse wäre es jedoch wünschenswert, die passive Probennahme auch direkt mit toxikologischen Bewertungsverfahren zu verknüpfen. Es ist deshalb unser Ziel, einen passiven Probennehmer so zu konstruieren, dass die gesammelten sammelten Proben direkt, das heißt ohne Extraktion, in toxikologischen Tests untersucht werden können, wobei der Sammler als Expositionskammer dient. Das dem zu Grunde liegende Prinzip ist die Remobilisierung oder die direkte Verfügbarkeit adsorbierter Kontaminanten für die biologischen Testsysteme.

Abstract

The availability of high-quality water plays a pivotal role for the protection of the ecosystem and the quality of human life. An important step in assessing ground and surface water quality is sampling. The time-integrated accumulation of environmental contaminants by passive sampling is an attractive alternative to conventional snap-shot sampling. Thein situ accumulation during passive sampling allows the detection of even lowconcentrated contaminants and reduces cost and time for continuous monitoring. Passive sampling provides information on the whole sampling period and avoids the transport and storage of large sample volumes. Matrix effects are reduced due to the selective enrichment.

Various passive samplers have been developed for sampling in aqueous media. Early developments used water filled dialysis tubes for the sampling of trace elements. Later on, solvent filled devices and triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed. More recent developments use a solid rather than a liquid sorbent as the receiving phase. Examples of this are the solid phase microextraction (SPME) and the membrane enclosed sorptive coating (MESCO). In addition to comprising miniature devices, SPMEs as well as MESCO are thermodesorbable and, as such, no longer require solvent extraction.

Conventionally the sampled contaminants are removed from the passive sampling devices by solvent extraction or thermodesorption in order to be analyzed chemically. For an in-depth analysis of sampled analytes, however, it would be advantageous to modify passive sampling such that sampled contaminants can also be analyzed biologically. Thus, it is our goal to construct a passive sampling device that serves both as a sampling device as well as an exposure chamber for toxicity testing. The principle underlying this technology is the bioavailability of sorbed contaminants, thereby eliminating the need for solvent extraction.

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Abbreviations

MESCO:

Membrane Enclosed Sorptive Coating

POCIS:

Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler

SPMD:

Semipermeable Membrane Devices

SPME:

Solid Phase Microextraction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nachwuchsgruppe Molekulare Tierzelltoxikologie, UFZ — Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig

    Stephanie K. Bopp & Kristin Schirmer

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  1. Stephanie K. Bopp
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  2. Kristin Schirmer
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Correspondence to Kristin Schirmer.

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OnlineFirst: 20. 02. 2002

Stephanie Bopp studierte Geoökologie an der Universität Bayreuth mit den Schwerpunkten Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie. SeitApril 2001 arbeitet sie rn Rahmen einer Promotion an der Umsetzung des passiven Probennahmegerätes, welches ein kombiniertes chemisch-toxikologisches Monitoring von kontaminiertem Grundwasser ermoglichen soll.

Kristin Schirmerist seit Juli 2001 Leiterin der Nachwuchsgruppe für Molekulare Tierzelltoxikologie am UFZ-Umweltforschungszentrum in Leipzig. Ihre Forschungsinteressen liegen in der Etablierung vonin vitro-Systemen zur Aufklärung von Schadstoffwirkungen in Vertebratenzellen und in der Entwicklung von Technologien zur frühzeitigen Detektion dieser Schadstoffwirkungen in der Umwelt.

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Bopp, S.K., Schirmer, K. Passivsammler für die zeitintegrierte chemische und toxikologische Überwachung des Schadstoffgehaltes in Grund- und Oberflächenwasser. UWSF - Z Umweltchem Ökotox 14, 45–51 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03038658

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