Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Measurement of stacking fault energy from dislocation interactions

  • Published:
Metallurgical Transactions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The theories and methods applied to the determination of the stacking fault energy (γ) using techniques of direct observation of dislocation configurations are reviewed. The four principal methods, utilizing dislocation nodes, multiple ribbons, stacking fault tetrahedra, and faulted dipoles, are discussed in detail. Different theoretical treatments are compared wherever possible. Experimental procedures and quantitative measurement methods are reviewed, concentrating on transmission electron microscopy techniques. Detailed examples of the application of each method are given. For γ/μb in the range of 2×10−4 to 5×10−3 (μ the shear modulus,b the Burgers vector), measurements on dislocation nodes or multiple ribbons in favorable cases should permit determinations of the stacking fault energy to a precision of 5 pct. For larger values of γ/μb (up to 12×10−3) measurements can be made on tetrahedra or faulted dipoles with less precision. Larger values of the stacking fault energy require high resolution studies of dislocations; these techniques are not yet well established. Possible sources of systematic bias are discussed. Two significant theoretical problems remain concerning the treatment of the dislocation core and the use of anisotropic elasticity. It is of prime importance to characterize as carefully as possible the materials studied if accurate results are desired.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M. J. Whelan:Proc. Roy. Soc., 1959, vol. 249, p. 114.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. W. Christian and P. R. Swann:Alloying Behavior and Effects in Concentrated Solid Solutions, T. B. Massalski, ed., p. 105, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  3. G. Saada:Theory of Crystal Defects, B. Gruber, ed., p. 167, Academic Press, New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  4. P. C. J. Gallagher:J. Appl. Phys., 1966, vol. 37, p. 1710.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Amelinckx:Solid State Physics 6, Suppl., Academic Press, New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. H. Loretto:Phil. Mag., 1964, vol. 10, p. 467.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. L. K. Ives and A. W. Ruff, Jr.:J. Appl. Phys., 1966, vol. 37, p. 1831.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. P. R. Swann:Acta Met., 1966, vol. 14, p. 76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. P. C. J. Gallagher:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1966, vol. 16, p. 95; also seePhil. Mag., 1967, vol. 15, p. 969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. W. F. Hartl, R. deWit, and R. E. Howard:J. Appl. Phys., 1967 vol. 38, p. 1.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. R. Siems, P. Delavignette, and S. Amelinckx:Z. Physik, 1961, vol. 165, p. 502.

    Article  MATH  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. P. R. Thornton, T. E. Mitchell, and P. B. Hirsch:Phil. Mag., 1962, vol. 7, p. 1349.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Mader:Electron Microscopy and Strength of Crystals, G. Thomas and J. Washburn, eds., p. 183, Interscience, New York, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. Howie and P. R. Swann:Phil. Mag., 1961, vol. 6, p. 1215.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. M. Brown and A. R. Thölén:Disc. Faraday Soc., 1964, vol. 38, p. 35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. L. M. Brown:Phil. Mag., 1964, vol. 10, p. 441.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. R. Siems:Disc. Faraday Soc., 1964, vol. 38, p. 42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Jøssang, M. J. Stowell, J. P. Hirth, and J. Lothe:Acta Met., 1965, vol. 13, p. 279; also see T. Jøssang:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1968, vol. 27, p. 579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. T. C. Tisone, J. O. Brittain, and M. Meshii:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1968, vol. 27, p. 185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Gevers:Phil. Mag., 1963, vol. 8, p. 769.

    Article  MATH  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. P. B. Hirsch, R. B. Nicholson, A. Howie, D. W. Pashley, and M. J. Whelan:Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals, p. 12, Butterworths, 1965; see also J. M. Silcock and W. J. Tunstall:Phil. Mag., 1964, vol. 10, p. 361, and W. J. Tunstall:Phil. Mag., 1969, vol. 20, p. 701.

  22. P. Delavignette, R. Trivedi, R. Gevers, and S. Amelinckx:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1966, vol. 17, p. 221.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. P. F. Elbers and J. Pieters:J. Ultrastruct. Res., 1964, vol. 11, p. 25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. L. J. Teutonico:Phil. Mag., 1967, vol. 15, p. 959.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Amelinckx and P. Delavignette:J. Appl. Phys., 1960, vol. 31, p. 2126.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. W. Ruff, Jr. and L. K. Ives:Acta Met., 1969, vol. 17, p. 1045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. L. J. Teutonico: private communication; also seePhil. Mag., 1964, vol. 10, p. 401.

  28. P. C. J. Gallagher, J. Washburn, and G. Thomas:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1966, vol. 1, p. K93.

    Google Scholar 

  29. T. V. Nordstrom and S. Amelinckx:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1967, vol. 24, p. K121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. R. J. Murphy and J. L. Crawford:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1968, vol. 27, p. 559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. R. M. Latanision and A. W. Ruff, Jr.:J. Appl. Phys., 1969, vol. 40, p. 2716.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. R. Siems, P. Delavignette, and S. Amelinckx:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1962, vol. 2, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  33. S. Amelinckx and P. Delavignette:J. Appl. Phys., 1961, vol. 32, p. 341.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Silcox and P.B. Hirsch:Phil. Mag., 1959, vol. 4, p. 72.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lattice Defects in Quenched Metals, R. M. J. Cotterill, M. Doyama, J. J. Jackson, and M. Meshii, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  36. The Nature of Small Defect Clusters, M. J. Makin, ed., AERE Report 5269, HMSO, London, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  37. D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf:Acta Met., 1965, vol. 13, p. 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. K. P. Chik:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1965, vol. 10, p. 659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. C. Damask: Ref. 36, p. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  40. J. A. Sigler and D. Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf: Ref. 36, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. H. Loretto, L. M. Clarebrough, and R. L. Segall:Phil. Mag., 1965, vol. 11, p. 459.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. M. H. Loretto and A. Pavey:Phil. Mag., 1968, vol. 17, p. 533; see also J. P. Hirth and J. Lothe:Theory of Dislocations, p. 310, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1968.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Czjzek, A. Seeger, and S. Mader:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1962, vol. 2, p. 558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. T. Jøssang and J. P. Hirth:Phil. Mag., 1966, vol. 13, p. 657.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. P. Humble, R. L. Segall, and A. K. Head:Phil. Mag., 1967, vol. 15, p. 281.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. P. Humble and C. T. Forwood:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1968, vol. 29, p. 99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. P. C. J. Gallagher and J. Washburn:Phil. Mag., 1966, vol. 14, p. 971.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. A. W. Ruff, Jr. and L. K. Ives:Acta Met., 1967, vol. 15, p. 189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. B. E. Beeston, I. L. Dillamore, and R. E. Smallman:Met. Sci., 1968, vol. 2, p. 12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. A. Seeger:Phil. Mag., 1964, vol. 9, p. 887.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. L. M. Clarebrough, P. Humble, and M. H. Loretto:Can. J. Phys., 1967, vol. 4 p. 1135.

    Google Scholar 

  52. M. J. Yokota and J. Washburn:Phil. Mag., 1967, vol. 16, p. 459.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. P. B. Hirsch:The Relation Between the Structure and Mechanical Properties Metals, p. 48, HMSO, London, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  54. A. Seeger:Disc. Faraday Soc., 1964, vol. 38, p. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  55. A. Seeger and G. Wobser:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1966, vol. 18, p. 189.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. F. Häussermann and M. Wilkens:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1966, vol. 18, p. 609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. J. W. Steeds:Phil. Mag., 1967, vol. 16, p. 785.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. W. Steeds:Proc. Roy. Soc., 1966, vol. A292, p. 343.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J. W. Steeds:Phil. Mag., 1967, vol. 16, p. 771.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. M. Wilkens:Phys. Stat. Sol., 1964, vol. 6, p. 939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. A. Howie and M. J. Whelan:Proc. Roy. Soc., 1962, vol. A267, p. 206.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. J. W. Menter:Proc. Roy. Soc., 1956, vol. A236, p. 119.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. T. Komoda:Sixth International Congress for Electron Microscopy, R. Uyeda ed., p. 29, Maruzen, Tokyo, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  64. M. Watanabe, H. Shinagawa, and K. Shirota:ibid., p. 33.

    Google Scholar 

  65. J. R. Parsons and C. W. Hoelke:J. Appl. Phys., 1969, vol. 40, p. 866, and prin communication.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. G. A. Bassett, J. W. Menter, and D. W. Pashley:Proc. Roy. Soc., 1958, vol. A246, p. 345.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. C. M. Li and B. Chalmers:Acta Met., 1963, vol. 11, p. 243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. M. D. Inman and H. R. Tipler:Met. Rev., 1963, vol. 8, p. 105; see also J. Kudrman and J. Cadek:Phil. Mag., 1969, vol. 20, p. 413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. L. E. Murr:Acta Met., 1968, vol. 16, p. 1127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. E. W. Müller:Adv. Electron. Electron Phys., 1960, vol. 13, p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. J. Hren:Field Ion Microscopy, J. J. Hren and S. Ranganathan, eds., p. 102. Plenum Press, New York, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  72. S. Ranganathan:ibid.,, p. 120.

    Google Scholar 

  73. B. Ralph and D. G. Brandon:Phil. Mag., 1963, vol. 8, p. 919.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. D. A. Smith and K. M. Bowkett:Phil. Mag., 1968, vol. 18, p. 1219.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. D. A. Smith, M. A. Fortes, A. Kelly, and B. Ralph:Phil. Mag., 1968, vol. 17, p. 1065.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. D. J. H. Cockayne, I. L. F. Ray, and M. J. Whelan:Phil. Mag., 1969, vol. 20, 1265.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. D. A. Smith, T. F. Page, and B. Ralph:Phil. Mag., 1969, vol. 19, p. 231.

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lattice Defects and Microstructures Section, Metallurgy Division, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

    A. W. Ruff

Authors
  1. A. W. Ruff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ruff, A.W. Measurement of stacking fault energy from dislocation interactions. Metall Trans 1, 2391–2413 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03038368

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03038368

Keywords

Search

Navigation