Resume
En radiothérapie, les faibles doses provenant du rayonnement diffusé sont suffisantes pour léser les organes très radio-sensibles situés à proximité du volume traité tels que les testicules. Les études réalisées en dose unique sur des volontaires ont montré que des doses inférieures à 10 cGy n'entraînent aucune lésion détectable par spermogramme ou biopsie testiculaire. Une oligospermie sévère s'installe à partir de 15 cGy et 90% des patients sont azoospermiques après 100 cGy. En règle, les irradiations thérapeutiques ne sont pas délivrées en dose unique mais selon un protocole fractionné afin d'obtenir un effet différentiel entre tissue sain et tissu tumoral. A dose égale, ces irradiations fractionnées sont à l'origines de lésion germinales testiculaires plus importantes et plus durables que les irradiations en dose unique. Ainsi des doses fractionnées supérieures à 50 cGy entraînent une azoospermie dans 100% des cas. Cette azoospermie n'est que transitoire jusqu' à 200 cGy, la récupération pouvant cependant être incomplète et ne survenir que plusieurs années après l'irradiation. Au-delà de 200 cGy, il existe un risque d'azoospermie définitive. Les spermatogonies sont les cellules les plus radio-sensibles de la lignée. Leur atteinte conditionne l'effet de la radiothérapie sur la fertilité. En pratique courante, l'hypogonadisme clinique est exceptionnel, ce qui prouve la relative radio-résistance des celules de Leydig. Cependant, les études fonctionnelles montrent que les taux sériques de LH s'élèvent lorsque la dose testiculaire augmente, les taux de testostérone restant initialement dans les limites de la normale.
Abstract
Radiation therapy plays a major role in the curative management of numerous neoplasms, such as Hodgkin's disease or testicular cancer. However, the adverse effects of low-dose radiation scattered to radiosensitive normal tissues adjacent to the radiation fields, such as the testes, have been recognized. Experimental studies performed on healthy volunteers showed that no lesion was detectable on sperm counts or testicular biopsies after single doses of less than 10 cGy. Oligospermia has been reported after 15 cGy and 100 cGy result in a 90% incidence of azoospermia. In the radiotherapy of cancer, fractionated regimens are used to increase the differential effect between normal and tumoral tissues. For the same dose, a fractionated radiation regimen results in a higher incidence and a longer period of azoospermia than a single dose irradiation. Fractionated doses of >50 cGy result in a 100% incidence of azoospermia. For doses up to 200 cGy, recovery occurs but normal sperm production remains uncertain. Although the recovery time can be very long (more than 10 years), there is a risk of definitive azoospermia after doses of >200 cGy. Spermatogonia are the most radio-sensitive cell type and their depletion after small irradiation doses explain the effect of radiotherapy on fertility. Clinical hypogonadism is very unfrequent in usual practice, what seems to prove a relative radio-resistance of the Leydig cells. However, functionals studies show that there is a rise in serum LH with increasing dose to the testes. A decrease in testosterone levels has been reported after high testicular doses.
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Bachaud, J.M., Alzieu, C. & Bujan, L. Effets de la radiothérapie sur la fonction testiculaire de l'adulte. Androl. 5, 476–485 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034531
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03034531