Abstract
This paper asks the question: how does the multistate population model need to be adjusted to provide forecasts of geographical populations? Following an exposition of the standard model, ossible solutions to the problems posed by excessive number of parameters are discussed. ecomposition, aggregation and parameterization are described, drawing on some new results. ssues in the temporal forecasting of model components are outlined and the alternative approach of using a spatial interaction model is considered. The paper concludes by arguing that the design of forecasting models is a powerful learning device for both designers and users.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvanides, S., P. Boyle, O. Duke-Williams, S. Openshaw and I. Turton. 1996. Modelling migration in England and Wales at the ward level and the problem of estimating inter-ward distances. Pp.4–5 inProceedings of the First International Conference on Geocomputation. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Boden, P., J. Stillwell and P. Rees. 1992. How good are the NHSCR data? Pp.13–27 in J. Stillwell, P. Rees and P. Boden (eds),Migration Processes and Patterns. Volume 2. Population Redistribution in the United Kingdom. London: Belhaven.
Boyle, P. and R. Flowerdew. 1997. Improving distance estimates between areal units in migration models.Geographical Analysis, forthcoming.
Champion, A. (ed.). 1989.Counterurbanization: the Changing Pace and Nature of Population Deconcentration. London: Edward Arnold.
Diplock, G. 1996. Building new spatial interaction models using genetic programming and a supercomputer. Pp.213–226 inProceedings of the First International Conference on Geocomputation. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Diplock, G. and S. Openshaw. 1996. Using simple genetic algorithms to calibrate spatial interaction models.Geographical Analysis 28:262–279.
Espenshade, T. 1987. Population dynamics with immigration and low fertility. Pp.248–261 in W. Davies, M.S. Bernstam and R. Ricardo-Campbell (eds),Below-Replacement Fertility in Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fotheringham, S. 1991. Migration and spatial structure: the development of the competing destinations model. Pp.34–56 in J. Stillwell and P. Congdon (eds),Migration Models: Macro and Micro Approaches. London: Belhaven.
Geyer, H.S. and T.M. Kontuly (eds). 1996.Differential Urbanization: Integrating Spatial Models. London: Edward Arnold.
Haverkate, R. and H. van Haselen. 1990.Demographic Evolution Through Time in European Regions (DEMETER 2015). Report to the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Regional Policy. Rotterdam: Netherlands Economic Institute.
Hooimeijer, P. and H. Heida. 1994. Small-area household projections: a multi-state demographic design. Pp. 159–175 in P. Hooimeijer, G. van der Knaap, J. van Weesep, B. van der Knaap and R. Woods (eds),Population Dynamics in Europe. Utrecht: Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and Department of Geography, University of Utrecht.
Leslie, P.H. 1945. Some further notes on the use of matrices in population mathematics.Biometrika 35:213–245.
Lewis, E.G. 1942. On the generation and growth of a population.Sankhya 6:93–96.
Lutz, W. (ed.). 1994.The Future Population of the World. London: Earthscan and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
Masser, I. 1976. The design of spatial systems for internal migration analysis.Regional Studies 19:39–52.
Murphy, M. and D. Wang. 1996. Adynamic multi-state projection model for making marital status population projections in England and Wales. Pp.103–126 in A. Dale (ed.),Exploiting National Survey and Census Data: Longitudinal and Partnership Analysis. CCSR Occasional Paper 10. Manchester: Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, University of Manchester.
NEI. 1994.Regional Population and Labour Force Scenarios for the European Union. Parti: Two Long Term Population Scenarios. Rotterdam: Netherlands Economic Institute, Department of Regional and Urban Development, Erasmus University; Department of Public Health, Erasmus University; Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute.
Pittenger, D. 1976.Projecting State and Local Populations. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Rees, P. 1986. Choices in the construction of regional population projections. Pp.126–159 in R. Woods and P. Rees (eds),Population Structures and Models. London: Allen and Unwin.
Rees, P. 1989.Old Model Faces New Challenges: A Review of the State of the Art in Multistate Population Modelling. Working Paper 531. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Rees, P. 1994a. The projection of small area populations: a case study of Swansea, Wales. Pp.141–158 in P. Hooimeijer, G. van der Knaap, J. van Weesep, B. van der Knaap and R. Woods (eds),Population Dynamics in Europe. Utrecht: Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and Department of Geography, University of Utrecht.
Rees, P. 1994b. Estimating and projecting the populations of urban communities.Environment and Planning A 26:557–591.
Rees, P. 1995. Migration trends and scenarios in the United Kingdom for NUTS-2 regions. Technical Report. The Hague: Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute.
Rees, P. 1996a. Projecting the national and regional populations of the European Union using migration information. Pp.331–364 in P. Rees, J. Stillwell, A. Convey and M. Kupiszewski (eds),Population Migration in the European Union. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Rees, P. 1996b. In-round-out: the organization of information in population projection. Pp.730–734 inProceedings of the First International Conference on Geocomputation. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Rees, P. and O. Duke-Williams. 1994.The Special Migration Statistics: A Vital Resource for Research into British Migration. Working Paper 94/20. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Rees, P. and M. Kupiszewski. 1996.Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics: A Feasibility Study for the Council of Europe. Working Paper 96/1. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Rees, P., J. Stillwell and A. Convey. 1992.Intra-Community Migration and its Impact on the Demographic Structure at Regional Level. Working Paper 92/1. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Rees, P. and A. Wilson. 1977.Spatial Population Analysis. London: Edward Arnold.
Rees, P. and R. Woods. 1986. Demographic estimation: problems, methods and examples. Pp.301–343 in R. Woods and P. Rees (eds),Population Structures and Models. London: Allen and Unwin.
Rogers, A. 1968.Matrix Analysis of Interregional Population Growth and Distribution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Rogers, A. 1975.Introduction to Multiregional Mathematical Demography. New York: Wiley.
Rogers, A. 1976. Shrinking large-scale population — projection models by aggregation and decomposition.Environment and Planning A 8:515–542.
Rogers, A. 1985.Regional Population Projection Models. Beverley Hills: Sage.
Rogers, A. 1986. Parameterized multistate population dynamics and projections.Journal of the American Statistical Association 81:48–61.
Rogers, A. 1995.Multiregional Demography: Principles, Methods and Extensions. Chichester: Wiley.
Rogers, A. and L. Castro. 1981.Model Migration Schedules. Research Report RR-81-30. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis.
Rogers, A. and J. Ledent. 1976. Increment-decrement life tables: a comment.Demography 13:287–290.
Rogers, A. and J. Watkins. 1987. General versus elderly interstate migration and population redistribution in the United States.Research on Ageing 9:483–529.
Rogers, A. and F. Willekens (eds). 1986.Migration and Settlement: A Multiregional Comparative Study. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Stillwell, J. and P. Congdon (eds). 1991.Migration Models: Macro and Micro Approaches. London: Belhaven.
Stillwell, J., O. Duke-Williams and P. Rees. 1995. Time series migration in Britain: the context of census analysis.Papers in Regional Science 74:341–359.
Stillwell, J. and P. Rees. 1985.Where do British Universities get their Students from? Working Paper 435. Leeds: School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Stillwell, I., P. Rees and P. Boden (eds). 1992.Migration Processes and Patterns. Volume 2. Population Redistribution in the United Kingdom. London: Belhaven.
Stone, R. 1971.Demographic Accounting and Model Building. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Stone, R. 1975.Towards a System of Social and Demographic Statistics. New York: United Nations.
Stouffer, S. 1940. Intervening opportunities: a theory relating mobility and distance.American Sociological Review 5:845–867.
Stouffer, S. 1960. Intervening opportunities and competing migrants.Journal of Regional Science 2:1–26.
van Imhoff, E., L. van Wissen and K. Spiess. 1994.Regional Population Projections in the Countries of the European Economic Area. NIDI CBGS Publication 31. Amsterdam/Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
van Imhoff, E. and N. Keilman. 1991.LIPRO 2.0: An Application of a Dynamic Demographic Projection Model to Household Structure in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
van Imhoff, E., L. van Wissen, N. van der Gaag and P. Rees. 1997. The selection of internal migration models for European regions.International Journal of Population Geography 3:137–159.
Whelpton, P.K. 1947.Forecasts of the Population of the United States, 1945–75. Washington DC: United States Bureau of the Census.
Willekens, F. 1980. Multistate analysis: tables of working life.Environment and Planning A 12:564–588.
Willekens, F. and P. Drewe. 1984. A multiregional model for regional demographic projection. Pp.309–334 in H. Ter Heide and F. Willekens (eds),Demographic Research and Spatial Policy. London: Academic Press.
Willekens, F. and A. Rogers. 1978.Spatial Population Analysis: Methods and Computer Programs. Research Report RR-78-18. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis.
Willekens, F., I. Shah, J.M. Shah and P. Ramchandran. 1982. Multi-state analysis of marital status life tables: theory and application.Population Studies 36:129–144.
Wilson, A. 1974.Urban and Regional Models for Geography and Planning. Chichester: Wiley.
Woods, R. and P. Rees (eds). 1986.Population Structures and Models. London: Allen and Unwin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rees, P. Problems and solutions in forecasting geographical populations. Journal of Population Research 14, 145–166 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03029337
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03029337