Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Hatten HP Jr. Lumbar epidurography with metrizemide. Radiology 1980; 137: 129–36.
Savolaine ER, Pandya JB, Greenblatt SH, Conover SR. Anatomy of the human lumbar epidural space: new insights using CT-epidurography. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 217–20.
Harrison GR, Parkin IG, Shah JL. Resin injection studies of the lumbar extradural space. Br J Anaesth 1985; 57: 333–6.
Blomberg R. The dorsomedian connective tissue band in the lumbar epidural space of humans: an anatomical study using epiduroscopy in autopsy cases. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 747–52.
Hogan QH. Lumbar epidural anatomy: a new look by cryomicrotome section. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 767–75.
Hogan QH. Epidural anatomy examined by cryomicrotome section. Influence of age, vertebral level, and disease. Reg Anesth 1996; 21: 395–406.
Hogan Q, Lynch K, Lacitis I. Histologic features of epidural soft tissue and its relation to the dura and canal wall. Reg Anesth 1993; 18(Suppl): 54.
Trotter M. Variations of the sacral canal: their significance in the administration of caudal analgesia. Anesth Analg 1947; 26: 192–202.
Guyton AC, Granger HJ, Taylor AE. Interstitial fluid pressure. Physiol Rev 1971; 51: 527–63.
Palmer SK, Abram SE, Maitra AM, van ColAitz JH. Distance from the skin to the lumbar epidural space in an obstetric population. Anesth Analg 1983; 62: 944–6.
Rosenberg H, Keykhak MM. Distance to the epidural space in nonobstetric patients (Letter). Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 538–46.
Harrison GR, Clowes NWB. The depth of the lumbar epidural space from the skin. Anaesthesia 1985; 40: 685–7.
Meiklejohn BH. Distance from skin to the lumbar epidural space in an obstetric population. Reg Anesth 1990; 15: 134–6.
Hollway TE, Telford RJ. Observations on deliberate dural puncture with a Touhy needle: depth measurements. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 722–4.
Sutton DN, Linter SPK. Depth of extradural space and durai puncture. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 97–8.
Bevacqua BR, Naas T, Brand F. A clinical measure of the posterior epidural space depth. Reg Anesth 1996; 21: 456–60.
Segal S, Beach M, Eappen S, A multivariate model to predict the distance from skin to the epidural space in an obstetric population. Reg Anesth 1996; 21: 451–5.
Hoffmann VLH, Vercauteren MP, Buczkowski PW, Vanspringel GLJ. A new combined spinal-epidural apparatus: measurement of the distance to the epidural and subarachnoid spaces. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 350–5.
Cork RC, Kryc JJ, Vaughan RW. Ultrasonic localization of the lumbar epidural space. Anesthesiology 1980; 52: 513–6.
Currie JM. Measurment to the depth to the extradural space using ultrasound. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 345–7.
Westbrook JL, Renowden SA, Carrie LES. Study of the anatomy of the extradural region using magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 495–8.
Nickalls RWD, Kokri MS. The width of the posterior epidural space in obstetric patients (Letter). Anaesthesia 1986; 41: 432–3.
Ramsey HJ. Fat in the epidural space of young and adult cats. Am J Anat 1959; 104: 345–80.
Ramsey HJ. Comparative morphology of fat in the epidural space. Am J Anat 1959; 105: 219–32.
Luyendijk W. The plica mediana dorsalis of the dura mater and its relation to lumbar peridurography (canalography). Neuroradiology 1976; 11: 147–9.
Asato F, Hirikawa N, Oda M, et al. A median epidural septum is not a common cause of unilateral epidural blockade. Anesth Analg 1990; 71: 427–9.
Shah JL. Influence of cerebrospinal fluid on epidural pressure. Anaesthesia 1981; 36: 627–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hogan, Q.H. Epidural anatomy: new observations. Can J Anaesth 45 (Suppl 1), R40–R48 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03019206
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03019206