Skip to main content

Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair complicated by subcutaneous emphysema

Abstract

The case of a healthy 59- yr- old man who underwent elective laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair and general anaesthesia is presented. After one hour of surgery, a sudden increase in theFetCO2 from 5.0% to 9.4% in relation to a massive subcutaneous emphysema, but without any haemodynamic instability, was noticed. The acute rise ofFetCO2 was the first sign of an abnormal event. Nevertheless, subcutaneous emphysema was diagnosed with chest wall examination and palpation. Subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia are potential complications of laparoscopic surgery, but are more likely to occur in extraperitoneal surgery, since insufflated CO2 can diffuse easily into the surrounding tissues. High insufflation pressures will increase chances of this occurring and was the most likely cause of this complication. This case encouraged us to make recommendations for the management of laparoscopic extraperitoneal surgery which included: monitoring of CO2 insufflation pressure, routine examination and palpation of chest wall, use of N2O with caution, adjusting ventilation to physiologicalFetCO2 and excluding other causes of subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia.

Résumé

Il s’agit du cas d’un patient de 59 ans en bonne santé opéré sous anesthésie générale pour une hernie inguinale par laparoscopie et par l’abord extrapéritonéal. Soixante minutes après le début de l’opération, on note une augmentation subite et importante de laFETCO2 qui passe de 5% à 9,4% sans manifestations hémodynamiques. Cette montée brutale de laFETCO2 a été le premier signal de l’incident. L’emphysème souscutané n’a été diagnostiqué qu’après l’examen et la palpation des parois abdominale et thoracique. L’emphysème souscutané et l’hypercarbie représentent des complications potentielles de la chirurgie laparoscopique et sont plus susceptibles de survenir avec l’abord extrapéritonéal, parce que le CO2 peut diffuser plus facilement dans les tissus environnants. Une pression d’insufflation trop élevée constitue le mécanisme le plus plausible de l’incident. Ce cas clinique nous offre l’opportunité de suggérer quelques recommandations pour la prise en charge de l’opéré par laparoscopie et abord extrapéritonéal: monitorage de la pression d’insufflation du CO2, examen et palpation fréquents des paroi thoracique et abdominale, utilisation prudente du N2O dans le mélange de gaz inspiré, réglage de la ventilation pour uneFetCO2 physiologique et exclusion de toutes les autres causes possibles d’emphysème souscutané et l’hypercarbie.

References

  1. Soper NJ, Brunt LM, Kerbl K. Laparoscopic general surgery. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 409–19.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rose DK, Cohen MM, Soutter DI. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the anaesthetist’s point of view. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 809–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Pearce DJ. Respiratory acidosis and subcutaneous emphysema during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 314–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kent RBIII. Subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 1991; 126: 1154–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kalhan SB, Reaney JA, Collins RL. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema during laparoscopy. Cleve Clin J Med 1990; 57: 639–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Wadhwa RK, McKenzie R, Wadhwa SR, Katz DL, Byers JF. Gas embolism during laparoscopy. Anesthesiology 1978; 48: 74–6.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Begin GF. Cure coelioscopique des hernies de l’aine par voie prépéritonéale. Le Journal de Coelio-Chirurgie 1993; 7: 23–8.

    Google Scholar 

  8. McKernan JB, Laws HL. Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia using a totally extraperitoneal prosthetic approach. Surg Endosc 1993; 7: 26–8.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chiche JD, Joris J, Lamy M. Respiratory changes induced by subcutaneous emphysema during laparoscopic fundoplication. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: A37.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mullet CE, Viale JP, Annat GJ,et al. Pulmonary CO2 elimination during surgical procedures using intraor extraperitoneal CO2 insufflation. Anesth Analg 1993; 76: 622–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Steffey E Johnson BH, Eger EI II. Nitrous oxide intensifies the pulmonary arterial pressure response to venous injection of carbon dioxide in the dog. Anesthesiology 1980; 52: 52–5.

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Klopfenstein, C.E., Gaggero, G., Mamie, C. et al. Laparoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair complicated by subcutaneous emphysema. Can J Anaesth 42, 523 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03011692

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03011692

Key words

  • carbon dioxide: subcutaneous
  • complications: subcutaneous emphysema, hypercarbia
  • equipment: laparoscopy
  • surgery: laparoscopic hernia repair