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Elective oral tracheal intubation in cervical spine-injured adults

Abstract

There is controversy regarding the optimal mode of elective tracheal intubation in the patient with an unstable cervical spine following trauma. A ten-year review of 150 patients with traumatic cervical spine injuries with well-preserved neurological function, presenting for operative stabilization, was conducted to compare neurological outcome with the mode of tracheal intubation. Preoperalive neurological deficits were identified in 49 patients (33%); most were single-level radiculopathies. Intubation occurred after induction of general anaesthesia in 83 patients (55%) and in 67 patients (45%) the tracheas were intubated with the patient awake. One hundred and six patients (71%) underwent oral tracheal intubation and 44 underwent nasal tracheal intubation. Ten intubations were deemed to be difficult requiring more than one attempt to effect intubation. Cervical spine immobilization during intubation was documented in 86 patients (57%). Weighted traction or manual in-line traction were the two manoeuvres most commonly employed to maintain spinal alignment during intubation. After surgery, two patients had new neurological deficits. There were no differences in neurological outcome whether intubation was peformed while the patient was awake or under general anaesthesia, or comparing oral tracheal intubation with all other techniques (P = 0.5, Fisher exact test). Also, in-line traction did not affect neurological outcome. Oral tracheal intubation with in-line stabilization, either performed after induction of general anaesthesia or with the patient awake, remains an excellent option for elective airway management in patients with cervical spine injuries.

Résumé

Il existe une controverse concernant le mode optimal d’intubation trachéale élective chez les patients ayant une instabilité cervicale après trauma. Une revue de dix ans de 150 patients présentant un trauma cervical avec la fonction neurologique bien préservée se présentant pour une chirurgie de stabilisation fut conduile afin de comparer l’issue neurologique avec la méthode d’intubation trachéale. Des déficits neurologiques préopératoires furent identifiés chez 49 patients (33%); la majorité étaient des radiculopathies à un seul niveau. L’intubation a suivi l’induction de l’anesthésie générale chez 83 patients (55%) et chez 67% (45%) la trachée fut intubée alors que les patients étaient réveillés. Cent six patients (71%) ont subi une intubation oro-trachéale et 44 ont subi une intubation nasotrachéale. Dix intubations ont été jugées difficiles requérant plusieurs tentatives. L’immobilisation cervicale lors de l’intubation fut documentée chez 86 patients (57%). La traction par des poids ou la traction manuelle furent les deux manoeuvres les plus communément employées afin de maintenir l’alignement cervical lors de l’intubation. Après la chirurgie, deux patients ont présenté de nouveaux déficits neurologiques. Il n’y avait aucune différence dans l’issue neurologique quand l’intubation fut accomplie alors que le patient était réveillé ou sous anesthésie générale, ni en comparant l’intubation oro-trachéale ou les autres techniques (P = 0,5, Fisher exact test). De même la traction manuelle n’a pas affecté l’issue neurologique. L’intubation oro-trachéale avec stabilisation cervicale faite après l’induction de l’anesthésie générale ou chez les patients éveillés demeure une excellente option pour le maintien éleclif des voies aériennes chez les patients ayant des lésions de la colonne cervicale.

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Suderman, V.S., Crosby, E.T. & Lui, A. Elective oral tracheal intubation in cervical spine-injured adults. Can J Anaesth 38, 785 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03008461

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Key words

  • anatomy: cervical spine
  • complications: intubation, trauma
  • intubation, tracheal: complications, technique
  • surgery: orthopaedic, cervical spine