Article PDF
References
Gregg R. Spinal analgesia, in management of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 1989;7: 79–100.
Cousins MJ, Cherry DA, Gourlay GK. Acute and chronic pain: use of spinal opioids.In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh PO (Eds.). Neural Blockade. Clinical Anaesthesia and Management of Pain. 2nd ed., Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1988; 955–1029.
Morgan M. The rational use of intrathecal and extradural opioids. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63: 165–88.
Etches RC, Sandler AN, Daley MD. Respiratory depression and spinal opioids. Can J Anaesth 1989; 36: 165–85.
Shnider SM. Epidural and subarachnoid opiates in obstetrics. ASA Refresher Course 1989; 225.
McQuay HJ, Sullivan AF, Smallman K, Dickenson AH. Intrathecal opioids, potency and lipophilicity. Pain 1989; 36: 111–5.
Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T, Dahlstrohm B. Pharmacokinetic aspects of epidural morphine analgesia. Anesthesiology 1983; 58: 545–51.
Sjostrom S, Hartvig P, Persson MP, Tamsen A. Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine and meperidine in humans. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 877–88.
El-Baz NM, Faber LP, Jensik RJ. Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for treatment of pain after thoracic surgery: a new technique. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 757–64.
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Plummer JL, Armstrong PJ, Cousins MJ. The influence of drug polarity on the absorption of opioid drugs into CSF and subsequent cephelad migration following lumbar epidural administration: application to morphine and pethidine. Pain 1987; 31: 297–305.
Whiting WC, Sandler AN, Lau LC et al. Analgesic and respiratory effects of epidural sufentanil in patients following thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 36–43.
Hasenbos M, Gielen M, Bos J, Tielbeek E, Stanton-Hicks N, Van Egmond J. High thoracic epidural sufentanil for post thoracotomy pain. Influence of epinephrinc as an adjuvant. A double-blind study. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 1017–22.
Loper KA, Ready LB, Downey M et al. Epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions arc clinically equivalent following knee surgery. Anesth Analg 1989; 70: 72–5.
Badner NH, Sandler AN, Koren G, Lawson S, Klein J, Einarson TR. Lumbar epidural fentanyl infusions for post-thoracotomy patients: analgesic, respiratory, and pharmacokinetic effects. J Cardiothoracic Anesth 1990 (in press).
Panos L, Sandler AN, Stringer DG, Badner N, Lawson S,Koren G. Continuous infusions of lumbar epidural fentanyl and intravenous fentanyl for postthoracotomy pain relief: I. analgesic and pharmacokinetic effects. Can J Anaesth 1990 (in press).
Martin S, Salbaing J, Blaise G, Tetrault L. Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief: a dose-response curve. Anesthesiology 1982, 56: 423–6.
Crawford RD, Batra MS, Fox F. Epidural morphine dose response for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: A150.
Shulman M, Sandler AN, Bradley JW, Brebner J, Young PS. Post-thoracotomy pain and pulmonary function following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology 1984; 61: 569–75.
Dahlstrom B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epidural and intrathecal morphine. Int Anesthesiol Clin 1986; 24: 29–42.
Fromme GA, Steidl LJ, Danielson DR. Comparison of lumbar and thoracic epidural morphine for relief of postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 454–5.
Grant GJ, Zakowski M, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. Lumbar versus thoracic administration of epidural morphine for post-thoracotomy analgesia. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: S134.
Etches RC, Sandler AN. Analgesic effects of epidural nalbuphinc in post-thoracotomy patients. Can J Anaesth, 1989; 36: S156–7.
Gurel A, Unal, Elevli M, Eren E. Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in anorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 1986; 65: 499–502.
Rutberg H, Hakanson E, Erberg B, Jorfeldt L, Martensson J, Schildt B. Effects of extradural administration of morphine or bupivicaine on the endocrine response to upper abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 233–8.
Rosen MA, Hughes SC, Shnider SM et al. Epidural morphine for the relief of postoperative pain and cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1983, 62; 666–72.
Daley MD, Sandler AN, Turner KE, Vosu H, Slavchenko P. A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine in patients following cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1990; 72: 289–94.
El-Baz N, Goldin M. Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for pain relief after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 93: 878–83.
Melendez J, Cirella V, Dodds T. Lumbar epidural analgesia post-thoracic surgery. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: S147.
Naulty JS, Datta S, Ostheimer GW, Johnson MD, Burger GA. Epidural fentanyl for postcesarean delivery pain management. Anesthesiology 1985; 63: 694–8.
Wolfe MJ, Davies GK. Analgesic action of extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 1980; 52: 357–8.
Renaud B, Brichant JF, Clergue F, Chauvin M, Levron JC, Viars P. Ventilatory effects of continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl. Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 971–5.
Bailey PW, Smith BE. Continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Anesthesia 1980; 35: 1002–6.
Badner NH, Sandler AN, Leitch L, Koren G. Analgesic and respiratory effects of continuous lumbar epidural fentanyl in post-thoracotomy patients. Can J Anaesth. 1989; 36: S69.
Stringer DG, Sandler AN, Panos L, Lawson S, Einarson TR, Badner N. Continuous infusions of lumbar epidural fentanyl and intravenous fentanyl for postthoracotomy pain relief: II. Respiratory effects. Can J Anaesth 1990; 37 (in press).
Donadoni R, Rolly G, Noorduin H, Vanden Busche G. Epidural sufentanil for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 1985; 40: 634–38.
Cohen SE, Tan S, White PF. Sufentanil analgesia following cesarean section: epidural versus intravenous administration. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 129–34.
Cheng Y, Koebert RF, Hopwood M, Stommel KA, Roerhig D, Kay J. Continuous epidural sufentanil infusion for post-operative analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 67: A233.
Koren G, Sandler AN, Klein J et al. Relationship between the pharmacokinetics and the analgesic and respiratory pharmacodynamics of epidural sufentanil. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46: 458–62.
Magora F, Olshwang D, Eimertl D et al. Observations of extradural morphine analgesia in various pain conditions. Br J Aanaesth 1980; 52: 247–52.
Pandit SK, Powell RB, Crider B, McLarem ID, Rutter T. Epidural fentanyl: a simple and novel approach to anaesthetic management for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Anesthesiology 1985; 67: A225.
Skoeld M, Gillberg L, Ohlsson O. Pain relief in myocardial infarction after continuous epidural morphine analgesia. New Engl J Med 1985; 312: 650.
Rucci FS, Cardamone M, Migliori P. Fentanyl and bupivicaine mixtures for extradural blockade. Br J Anaesth 1985; 57: 275–84.
Lee A, Simpson D, Whitfield A, Scott DB. Postoperative analgesia by continuous extradural infusion of bupivicaine and diamorphine. Br J Anaesth 1988; 60: 845–50.
Zwarts SJ, Hasenbos MAMW, Gielen MJM, Kho HG. The effect of continuous epidural analgesia with sufentanil and bupivicaine during and after thoracic surgery on the plasma cortisol concentration and pain relief. Reg Anesth 1989; 14: 183–8.
Tewes PA, Vella LH, Thomas S, Goll HM. Epidural fentanyl and bupivicaine combinations in patients undergoing pelvic surgery. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: A106.
Gregg RV, Denson DD, Knarr DC, Stuebing RC. Continuous epidural infusions of bupivicaine and morphine versus systemic narcotic analgesics for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: A384.
Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Durant PA, Nielsen CH. Rostral spread of epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 1982; 56: 431–6.
Yeager MP, Glass DD, Neff RK, Brinck-Johnsen T. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in high-risk surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 729–36.
Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Christofferson E, Dahlstrom B.Arvill A, Rydman H. Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in the grossly obese: influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 8–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sandler, A.N. Epidural opiate analgesia for acute pain relief. Can J Anaesth 37 (Suppl 1), Sxxxiii–Sxxxix (1990). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03006271
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03006271