Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical application of conditioning and other behavioral techniques: Conceptual and professional considerations

  • Published:
Conditional reflex : a Pavlovian journal of research & therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It is only recently that conditioning and allied techniques have been applied on any large scale outside the laboratory. With the emergence of these procedures into the clinical world, in particular, a new class of problems present themselves. It is no longer sufficient to focus upon narrowly technical or theoretical problems; philosophies, social and practical issues must be taken into consideration and the new techniques evaluated conceptually and practically in direct comparison with their psychodynamic alternatives. Selected issues are presented and discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ayer, A. J.: Freedom and necessity. London, Polemic Prep, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A.: Psychotherapy as a learning process.Psychol. Bull.,58: 143–157, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E.: Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1960.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blandford, D. H., and Sampson, E. E.: Induction of prestige suggestion through classical conditioning.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,69: 332–337, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bookbinder, L. J.: Simple conditioning versus the dynamic approach to symptoms and symptom substitution: a reply to Yates.Psychol. Rep.,10: 71–77, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breger, L., and McGaugh, J. L.: Critique and reformulation of “learningtheory” approaches to psychotherapy and neurosis.Psychol. Bull.,63: 338–358, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, D. H., and Brunt, M. Y., Jr.: The testability of psychiatric patients in an opérant conditioning situation.Psychol. Rec.,9: 165–170, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A., and Durkee, Ann: Conditioning of hostile verbalizations in a situation resembling a clinical interview.J. Consult. Psychol.,222: 415–418, 1958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. E.: A study of behavior therapy in thirty psychiatric patients.Lancet, Feb.23, 411–418, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dollard, J., and Miller, N. E.: Personality and psychotherapy. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J.: The concept of mind: a behavioristic approach.J. Psycholog. Res.,5: 1–11, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenichel, O.: Psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York, W. W. Norton, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks, C. M.: Some fundamental problems in conditioning.Acta Psychol.,14: 223–246, 1958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franks, C. M.: Quelques reflexions sur 1’“inhibition” et le probleme d’un facteur general de conditionnement.L’Encéphale,52: 220–229, 1963.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franks, C. M.: (ed.) Conditioning techniques in clinical practice and research. New York, Springer, 1964a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks, C. M.: Individual differences in conditioning and associated techniques. In The conditioning therapies (eds. J. Wolpe, A. Salter, and L. J. Reyna), New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964b. pp. 149–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks, C. M.: Behavior therapy, psychology and the psychiatrist: Contributions, evaluations and overview.Amer. J. Orthopsychiat.,35: 145–151, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • French, T. M.: Interrelations between psychoanalysts and the experimental work of Pavlov.Amer. J. Psychiat. 89: 1165–1203, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geer, J. H.: Phobia treated by reciprocal inhibition.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,69: 642–645, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossberg, J. M.: Behavior therapy: a review. Technical Report No. 1. La Jolla, Calif., Western Behav. Sci. Inst., 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs, N.: Sources of gain in psychotherapy.Amer. Psychol.,17: 741–747, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, G. S., and Krech, D.: Cortical conductivity in the brain injured.J. Pers.,21: 118–148, 1952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubie, L. S.: Relation of the conditioned reflex to psychoanalytic technic.Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.,32: 1137–1142, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J.: Experimental studies of desensitization psychotherapy. In The conditioning therapies (eds. J. Wolpe, A. Salter, L. J. Reyna). New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964. pp. 38–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K. S.: Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Chicago, Chicago Univ. Press, 1929.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • London, P.: The modes and morals of psychotherapy. New York, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. H.: The mechanism of conditioning treatment of enuresis.Behav. Res. Ther.,1: 17–21, 1963a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. H.: Intermittent reinforcement in behavior therapy.Behav. Res. Ther.,1: 127–132, 1963b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, I.: A note on reflex sensitivity and formation of conditioned responses.Behav. Res. Ther.,1: 185–190, 1963a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, I.: Eyelid conditioning and concomitant GSR activity.Behav. Res. Ther.,1: 255–265, 1963b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConaghy, N.: A year’s experience with non-verbal psychotherapy.Med. J. Australia,1: 831–837, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R.: The retention and generalization of opérant conditioning effects in an interview situation.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,66: 52–58, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R., and Edwards, A. E.: Conflict vs. conditioning: effects upon peripheral vascular activity.Psychosom. Med.,26: 267–273, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mourer, O. H.: Freudianism, behaviour therapy and “self-disclosure.”Behav. Res. Ther.,1: 321–337, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, E. J.: Learning theory and psychotherapy: biotropic versus sociotropic approaches.J. Counsel. Psychol.,10: 250–255, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platonov, K.: The word as a physiological and therapeutic factor: the theory and practice of psychotherapy according to I. P. Pavlov. (transl. D. A. Myshne). Moscow, For. Lang. Publ. House, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H.: The effect of verbal reinforcement on the recall of early memories.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,59: 254–257, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A. O.: Deviant case analysis: neglected approach to behavior research. Percept. Mot. Skills,16: 337–340, 1963.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A. O.: Learning theory and therapy with children.Psychotherap. Th. Res. Pract.,1: 102–108, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R.: The effect of experimenter outcome-bias and subject set on awareness in verbal conditioning experiments.J. Verb. Learn. Verb. Behav. 2: 275–283, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruck, F.: Alkoholentziehungskur mit Hilfe eines bedingten Reflexes (apomorphinentziehungskur).Psychiat. Neurol. med. Psychol. (Lpz.)8: 88–92, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, A.: Conditioned reflex therapy. New York, Creative Age Press, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzinger, K., and Pisoni, Stephanie: Reinforcement of effect responses of schizophrenics during the clinical interview.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,57: 84–90, 1958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schilder, P.: Conditioned reflexes.Arch. Neurol. Psychiat.,22: 425–443, 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, M. B.: An approach to the social responsibilities of the clinical psychologist.Bull. Brit. Psychol. Soc. 18: 31–36, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoben, E. J.: The therapeutic object: men or machines.J. Counsel. Psychol.,10: 264–268, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staats, A. W., and Staats, Carolyn K.: Attitudes established by classical conditioning.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,57: 37–40, 1958.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, M. A., Stern, J. A., Winokur, G., and Fredman, S.: An analysis of GSR conditioning.Psychol. Rev. 68: 60–70, 1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, M. A., and Winokur, G.: Ethical issues in learning theory psychotherapy. Paper delivered at the 70th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, St. Louis, Sept., 1962.

  • Voegtlin, W. L., Lemere, F., Broz, W. R., and O’Hallaren, P.: Conditioned reflex treatment of alcoholism. IV. A preliminary report on the value of reinforcement.Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol.,2: 505–511, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, N. H., and Zaslove, M.: “Resistance” to systematic desensitization of phobias.J. Clin. Psychol.,19: 179–181, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M.: Figurai aftereffects as a measure of metabolic efficiency.J. Pers,24: 56–73, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, G. J. S.: Behaviour therapy for addicted cigarette smokers: a preliminary investigation.Behav. Res. Ther.,2: 107–109, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. D.: The elimination of tantrum behavior by extinction procedures.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,59: 269, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpe, J.: Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, Stanford Univ. Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolpe, J.: Isolation of a conditioning procedure as the crucial psychotherapeutic factor.J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.,134: 316–329, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Service and Research Center, New Jersey Neuro-Psychiatric Institute, Princeton, N. J.

    Cyril M. Franks

Authors
  1. Cyril M. Franks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Franks, C.M. Clinical application of conditioning and other behavioral techniques: Conceptual and professional considerations. Conditional Reflex 1, 36–50 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03001084

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03001084

Keywords

Search

Navigation