Abstract
Pavlovian theory provides a conceptual scheme for the examination of recent empirical data on dreaming. Consistencies are examined between these data and Pavlovian theory of the general properties of the nervous system. An equation is made between Pavlov’s excitation-inhibition continuum, the REM-NREM cycle, and the basic rest-activity cycle. Speculations, based on this equation, are made about the inter-relation between waking and sleeping behaviors. Testable hypotheses are suggested throughout the paper.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antrobus, J.: Discrimination of EEG deep stages, I—REM vs. II. Paper presented to the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Washington, D. C., 1965.
Antrobus, J., Dement, W., and Fisher, C.: Patterns of dreaming and dream recall: An EEG study.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,69:341–344, 1964.
Arkin, A. M.: Sleep-talking: A review.J. New. Men. Dis.,143:101–122, 1966.
Baron, M. G.: The relation between dreaming and learning. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Boston College, 1969.
Bergin, A. E.: A note on dream changes following desensitization.Behav. Ther.,1:546–549, 1970.
Broughton, R. J.: Sleep disorders: Disorders of arousal?Science,159:1070, 1968.
Broughton, R. J.: The incubus attack,In E. Hartmann (Ed.),Sleep and Dreaming. Boston, Little-Brown and Company, 1970; pp. 188–192.
Cautela, J. R.: The Pavlovian basis of old age. Paper presented to the American Gerontological Society in New York on November 5, 1966. (a)
Cautela, J. R.: Treatment of compulsive behavior by covert sensitization.Psych. Rec.,16:33,41, 1966. (b)
Cautela, J. R.: Covert sensitization.Psych. Rep.,20:459–468, 1967.
Cautela, J. R.: Behavior therapy and the need for behavioral assessment.Psychotherap. Th. Res. Prac.,5:175, 1968.
Cautela, J. R.: A classical conditioning approach to the development and modification of behavior in the aged.The Gerontol.,9:109–113, 1969.
Cautela, J. R.: Covert negative reinforcement.Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiat.,1:273–278, 1970. (a)
Cautela, J. R.: Covert reinforcement.Behav. Ther.,1:33–50, 1970. (b)
Cautela, J. R.: Covert extinction.Behav. Ther.,2:192–200, 1971.
Dement, W. C.: The effect of dream deprivation.Science,131:1705–1707, 1960.
Dement, W. C.: An essay on dreams: The role of physiology in understanding their nature,In New Directions in Psychology II. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965; pp. 135–258.
Dement, W. C., and Kleitman, N.: Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relations to eye movements, body mobility, and dreaming.Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,9:673,690, 1957.
Dement, W. C., and Kleitman, N.: The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method for the study of dreaming.J. Exp. Psychol.,59:295–302, 1959.
Dement, W. C., and Wolpert, E. A.: The relation of eye movements, body mobility, and external stimuli to dream content.J. Exp. Psychol.,55:543–553, 1958.
Dewan, E. N.: The programming (P) hypothesis for REM sleep,In E. Hartmann (Ed.), Sleep and Dreaming. Boston, Little-Brown and Company, 1970; pp. 295–307.
Ephron, H. S., and Carrington, P.: Rapid eye movement sleep and cortical homeostasis.Psychol. Rev.,73:500–526, 1966.
Evans, F. J., Gustafson, L. A., O’Connell, D. N., Orne, M. T., and Shor, R. E.: Verbally induced behavioral responses during sleep.J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.,150:171–187, 1970.
Evarts, E. V., Bental, E., Bihari, B., and Huttenlocker, P.: Spontaneous discharge of single neurons during sleep and waking.Science,135:726–728, 1962.
Feinberg, I., Braun, M., and Shulman, E.: EEG sleep patterns in mental retardation.Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,27:128, 1969.
Fishbien, W.: The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation during the retention interval on long-term memory. Paper read at meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Boston, 1969. (a)
Fishbien, W.: The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation prior to initial learning of long-term memory. Paper read at meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Boston, 1969. (b)
Fisher, C., Byrne, J. V., and Edwards, A.: NREM and REM nightmares. Paper read at meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Boston, 1969. (Abstract)Psychophysiol.,6:252, 1969.
Foulkes, D.: Dream reports from different stages of sleep.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,65:14–25, 1962.
Foulkes, D.:The Psychology of Sleep. New York, Scribner’s, 1966.
Friedman, S.: Oral activity cycles in mild chronic schizophrenia.Am. J. Psychial.,125:743, 1968.
Friedman, S., and Fisher, C.: On the presence of a rhythmic, diurnal, oral instinctual drive cycle in man.J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc.,15:317, 1967.
Gantt, W. H.: The conditional reflex as an aid in the study of the psychiatric patient.In C. Franks (Ed.), Conditioning Techniques in Clinical Practice and Research. New York, Springer, 1964.
Gastaut, H., and Broughton, R.: A clinical and polygraphic study of episodic phenomena during sleep.In Wortis, J. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, vol. 7, Plenum, New York, 1965; pp. 197–322.
Geer, J. H., and Silverman, I.: A case report, Treatment of a recurrent nightmare by behavior-modification procedures.Behav. Res. Ther.,4:188–190, 1966.
Globus, G. G.: Rapid eye movement cycle in real time.Arch. Gen. Psych.,15:654–59, 1966.
Goodenough, D. R., Shapiro, A., Holden, M., and Steinschriber, L.: A comparison of ‘dreamers’ and ‘nondreamers’; Eye movements, electroencephalograms, and the recall of dreams.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.,59:295–302, 1959.
Gray, J. A. (Ed.): Pavlov’s Typology: Recent Theoretical and Experimental Developments from the Laboratory of B. M. Teplov. New York, Macmillan, 1964.
Greenberg, R.: Dreaming and memory.In E. Hartmann (Ed.), Sleep and Dreaming. Boston, Little-Brown and Company, 1970; pp. 258–267.
Hartmann, E.: The D-state: A review and discussion of studies on the physiologic state concomitant with dreaming.N. Engl. J. Med.,273:30–35, 87–92, 1965.
Hartmann, E.: Mechanism underlying the sleep-dream cycle.Nature,212: 648–650, 1966.
Hartmann, E.: The Biology of Dreaming. Springfield, C. C. Thomas, 1967.
Hartmann, E.: Pharmacological studies of sleep and dreaming: Chemical and clinical relationships.Biolog. Psychiat.,1:243–258, 1970. (a)
Hartmann, E.: What sleep is good sleep? In E. Hartmann (Ed.), Sleep and Dreaming. Boston, Little-Brown and Company, 1970; pp. 59–69. (b)
Hawkins, D. R.: A review of psychoanalytic dream theory in light of recent psycho-physiological studies of sleep and dreaming.Br. J. Med. Psychol.,39:85, 1966.
Hoskevec, J., and Cooper, L. M.: Comparison of recent experimental trends concerning sleep learning in the U.S.A. and the Soviet Union.Act. Nerv. Sup.,9:93–96, 1967.
Jacobson, E. : Progressive Relaxation. Chicago University Press, 1938.
Jacobson, A., Kales, A., Lehmann, D., and Hoedemaker, F. S.: Muscle tonus in human subjects during sleep and dreaming.Exper. Neurol.,10:418, 1964.
Johnson, L. C.: Are stages of sleep related to waking behavior?Am. Sci.,61:326–338, 1973.
Jouvet, M., and Michel, F. Recherches sur l’activite electrique cerebrale au cours du sommeil.Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie,152:1167–1170, 1958.
Jouvet, M., and Michel, F. Correlations electromyographiques du sommeil chez le chat decortique et mesencephalique chronique.Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie,153:422–425, 1959.
Kripke, D. F., and O’Donoghue, J. P.: Perceptical deprivation, REM sleep, and an ultradian biological rhythm.Psychophysiol.,5:231–232, 1968.
Lindsley, D. B.: Attention, consciousness, sleep and wakefulness.In J. Fieldet al. (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology. Section 1, American Physiological Society, Washington, D. C., 3:1533–1593, 1960.
Loomis, A. L., Harvey, E. N., and Hobart, G.: Potential rhythms of the cerebral cortex during sleep.Science,81:597–598, 1935.
Mandell, M. P., Mandell, A. J., and Jacobson, A.: Biochemical and neurophysiological studies of paradoxical sleep.Rec. Adv. Biol. Psychiat.,7:115–124, 1965.
Marquis, D. F.: Learning in the neonate: The modification of behavior under three feeding schedules.J. Exper. Psychol.,29:263, 1941.
Othmer, E., Hayden, M. P., and Segelbaum, R.: Encephalic cycles during sleep and wakefulness in humans: A 24-hour pattern.Science,164:447–49, 1969.
Pavlov, I. P.: (Translated by G. V. Anrep) Conditioned Reflexes. London, London, Oxford University Press, 1927.
Pavlov, I. P.: (Translated by W. H. Gantt) Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes. New York, International Publishers, 1928.
Pavlov, I. P.: Experimental Psychology and Other Essays. New York, Philosopical Library, 1957.
Pearlman, C., and Greenberg, R.: Effect of REM deprivation on retention of avoidance learning in rats. Paper read at meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep, Denver, 1968.
Rechtschaffen, A., and Kales, A. (Eds.): A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. NIH Publication No. 204. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968.
Rechtschaffen, A., Verdone, P., and Wheaton, J.: Reports of mental activity during sleep.Canad. Psychiat. Ass. J.,8:409, 1963.
Roitback, A. I.: Electrical phenomena in the cerebral cortex during the extinction of orientation and conditioned reflexes.Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. (Supp.)13:91–100, 1960.
Rosner, B. S., Goff, W. R., Allison, T.: Cerebral electrical responses to external stimuli,In G. H. Glasser (Ed.), EEG and Behavior. New York, Basic Books, 1963.
Silverman, I., and Geer, J. H.: The treatment of a recurrent nightmare by desensitization of a related phobia.Behav. Res. Ther.,6:109–111, 1968.
Stern, W. C.: Effects of REM sleep deprivation upon the acquisition and maintenance of learned behavior in the rat. Paper read at meeting of the Association for the Psychophysical Study of Sleep, Boston, 1969.
Stern, W. C.: The relationship between REM sleep and learning: Animal studies.In E. Hartmann (Ed.), Sleep and Dreaming. Boston, Little-Brown and Company, 1970; pp. 249–257.
Williams, H. L., Morlock, H. C., Morlock, J. V.: Discriminative responses to auditory signals during sleep. Paper presented to the American Psychological Association, Philadelphia, 1963.
Williams, H. L., Tepas, D. I., and Morlock, H. C.: Evoked responses to clicks and electroencephalographic stages of sleep in man.Science,138:685–686, 1962.
Wolpe, J.: Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1958.
Yamamoto, J., Furuya, E., Wakamatsu, H., and Hishikawa, Y.: Modification of photosensitivity in epileptics during sleep.Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,31:509–513, 1971.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cautela, J.R., Baron, M.G. Pavlovian theory of dreaming. Pav. J. Biol. Sci. 9, 104–121 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03000530
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03000530