Abstract
Aim, Scope and Background
Hexyl is along with TNT a possible pollutant of ammunition contaminated soils. To assess the ecological risk of a pollutant biotests are obligatory to gain information of the effects on the habitat function of the contaminated soil. The effect of Hexyl was investigated using the standardised biotests for the springtailFolsomia Candida and the enchytraeidEnchytraeus crypticus.
Method
The tests with Hexyl were performed in spiked standard soil (Lufa 2.2). The toxic endpoints were mortality (short-term test, exposure time 7 days) and reproduction rate (long-term test, exposure time 28 days). The effect on the reproduction was further investigated by transferring animals from contaminated soil material onto uncontaminated substrate. Then the number of offspring was determined for the collembola and the cocoon- and hatching rates for the enchytraeid. Results. The mortality of the collembola was not influenced by Hexyl, but the number of offspring was significantly reduced. On the bases of these data the influence of the contaminant on the fertility of the adults itself was investigated. Therefore a reproduction test was performed with adult springtails transferred from contaminated onto uncontaminated soil material. It was shown that the fertility of the adults was not affected by Hexyl indicating a strong lethal effect on the juveniles. In case of the enchytraeid the mortality as well as the reproduction was affected. The surviving enchytraeids turned yellow and rigid in the mortality tests. They were also reduced in size compared to individuals in the uncontaminated control soil material. Thus the cocoon and hatching rates of worms transferred from contaminated soil material onto agar-agar was further investigated. Indeed, the reproduction (both cocoon production and juvenile hatching) was affected by the contaminant. However, the effect was not as strong as might have been suggested by their change in colour and size. A rapid recovery of the worms was observed, too.
Conclusion
Hexyl is toxic for the two terrestrial invertebrates, although in comparison to other explosives tested it is less toxic than TNT, but more toxic than the other explosives such as Hexogen (RDX) and Octogen (HMX) or TAT, the end product of the microbial reduction of TNT. So far, all these substances have only been tested with the luminescent bacteriaVibrio fischeri, for which Hexyl and TNT were classified as very toxic to aquatic organisms. With earthworms (Eisenia fetida andEisenia andrei) only TNT, Hexogen and Octogen have been investigated. TNT was also the most toxic of these substances.
Outook
Hexyl is one of the main pollutants of ammunition-contaminated sites and has to be considered as a toxic compound. Therefore an assessment of its full ecological impact is necessary and should include tests with animals from different trophic levels as well as biotests with plants and microorganisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achazi RK, Chroszcz G, Mierke W (1997): Standardization of test methods with terrestrial invertebrates for assessing remediation procedures for contaminated soils. Ecoinforma 12, 284–289
Drzyzga O, Bruns-Nagel D, Gorontzky T, Blotevogel K-H, von Löw E (1995): Anaerobic incorporation of the radiolabeled explosives TNT and metabolites into the organic soil matrix of contaminated soil after different treatment procedures. Chemosphere 36 (9) 2081–2095
Finney DJ (1971): Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed., 19–76
Geist K (2000): Einfluß von Insektiziden (Curaterr, Karate) auf verschieden Entwicklungsstadien vonFolsomia Candida (Willem 1902) undOnychiurus fimatus (Gisin 1952) (Collembola). Diplomarbeit im Fach Biologie, FU-Berlin, pp.69
Hund-Rinke K, Koedel W, Hennecke D, Achazi R, Warnecke D, Wilke B-M, Winkel B, Heiden S (2002): Bioassays for the Ecotoxicological and Genotoxicological Assessment of Contaminated Soils (Results of a Round-Robin-Test) - Part II: Assessment of the Habitat Function of Soils - Tests with Soil Microflora and Fauna. JSS -J Soils & Sediments 2 (2) 83–90
ISO International Organization of Standardization (1999): Soil quality - Inhibition of Reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia Candida) by soil pollutants. ISO 11267
ISO International Organization of Standardization (2000): Soil quality - Effects of Pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.). Determination of Effects on Reproduction (Enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT)). ISO/WD 16387
Martinetz D, Rippen G (1996): Handbuch der Rüstungsaltlasten. ecomed verlagsgesellschaft AG & Co.KG Landsberg, pp.1068
Merck-Index (1996): An Enzyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs and Biologicals. Merck & Co 12th ed
Phillips CT, Checkai RT, Wentsel RS (1993): Toxicity of selected munitions and munition-contaminated soil on the earthworm (Eisenia foetida). U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory, Edgewood Research, Development & Engineering Center, Research and Technology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
Robidoux PY, Hawari J, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G, Sunahara GI (1999): Acute Toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in earthworms (Eisenia andrei). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 44, 311–321
Robidoux PY, Hawari J, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G, Sunahara GI (2001): Chronic toxicity of octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in soil determined using the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) reproduction test. Environmental Pollution 111, 283–292
Robidoux PY, Svendsen C, Caumartin J, Hawari J, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S, Weeks JM, Sunahara G (2000): Chronic toxicity of energetic compounds in soil determined using the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) reproduction test. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (7) 1764–1773
Schäfer R, Achazi RK (1999): The Toxicity of Soil Samples Containing TNT and other Ammunition Derived Compounds in the Enchytraeid- and Collembola-Biotest. ESPR - Envron Sci & Pollut Res 6(4) 213–219
Warnecke D, Chroszcz G, Schäfer R, Achazi RK (2001): Bodenfaunatests. In: Hund-Rinke K, Kördel W, Erb R, Heiden S (Eds.): Ökotoxikologische und genotoxische Beurteilung von Böden und Substraten - Ringtestergebnisse. Erich-Schmidt Verlag: 187–243
Westheide W, Gräfe U (1992): Two new terrestrial Enchytraeus species (Oligochaeta, Annelida). J Natural Hist 26, 479–488
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schäfer, R.K., Achazi, R.K. Toxicity of hexyl toF. candida and E. crypticus . J Soils & Sediments 4, 157–162 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02991133
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02991133