Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Phytoremediation to increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs

Potential and limitations

  • Phytoremediation: PCBs and PCDD/Fs
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Phytoremediation is already regarded as an efficient technique to remove or degrade various pollutants in soils, water and sediments. However, hydrophobic organic molecules such as PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs are much less responsive to bioremediation strategies than, for example, BTEX or LAS. PCDD/Fs and PCBs represent 3 prominent groups of persistent organic pollutants that share common chemical, toxicological and environmental properties. Their widespread presence in the environment may be explained by their chemical and biological stability. This review considers their fate and dissipation mechanisms. It is then possible to identify major sinks and to understand biological activities useful for remediation. Public health and economic priorities lead to the conclusion that alternative techniques to physical treatments are required. This review focuses on particular problems encountered in biodegradation and bioavailability of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. It highlights the potential and limitations of plants and micro-organisms as bioremediation agents and summarises how plants can be used to augment bacterial activity. Phytoremediation is shown to provide some new possibilities in reducing risks associated with dioxins and PCBs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. Abramowicz D (1990): Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PCBs: A review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 10, 241–251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Addink R, Olie K (1995): Mechanisms of formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in heterogeneous systems. Environ Sci Technol 29(6) 1425–1435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Addink R, Antonioli M, Olie K, Govers H (1996a): Reactions of dibenzofuran and 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on municipal waste incinerator fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 30 (3) 833–836

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Addink R, Paulus R, Olie K (1996b): Prevention of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans formation on municipal waste incinerator fly ash using nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Environ Sci Technol 30 (7) 2350–2354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Adrian L, Manz W, Szewzyk U, Görisch (1998): Physiological characterisation of a bacterial consortium reductively dechlorinating 1,2,3-and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 (2) 496–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Aihara J (1992): Pourquoi les composés aromatiques sont-ils si stables? Pour la Science 175, 58–65

    Google Scholar 

  7. Akimoto Y, Nito S (1994): Removal efficiency of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas generated from municipal solid waste incinerators by water spray into the gas flow. Chemosphere 28 (8) 1417–1432

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Alcock RE, Jones KC (1996): Dioxins in the environment: a review of trend data. Environ Sci Technol 30 (11) 3133–3143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson T, Guthrie EA, Walton BT (1993): Bioremediation in the rhizosphere. Environ Sci Technol 27 (13) 2630–2636

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Anderson P, Hites R (1996): OH radical reactions: the major removal pathway for polychlorinated biphenyls from the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 30, 1756–1763

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Anonymous (2000): Molecular mechanism of dioxin action. In:http:/ /dioxins-r-us.ucdavis.edu/TCDDAhR.html (Dioxin R US, ed)

  12. Aprill W, Sims R (1990): Evaluation of the use of prairie grasses for stimulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon treatment in soil. Chemosphere 20 (1–2) 253–265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Arthur MF, Fréa JI (1989): 2,3,7,8-TCDD: aspects of its important properties and its potential biodegradation in soil. J Environ Qual 18 (1) 1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Atkinson R (1991): Atmospheric lifetimes of dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. The Science of the Total Environment 104, 17–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bacci E, Cerejeira M, Gaggi C, Chemello G, Calamari D, Vighi M (1992): Chlorinated dioxins: volatilisation from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48, 401–408

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ballerstedt H, Kraus A, Lechner U (1997): Reductive dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TCDD and its products by anaerobic mixed cultures from Saale river sediment. Environ Sci Technol 31 (6) 1749–1753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Banks M, Lee E, Schwab A (1999): Evaluation of dissipation mechanisms for benzo-a-pyrene in the rhizosphere of Tall Fescue. J Environ Qual 28, 294–298

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barclay C, Farquhar G, Legge R (1995): Biodegradation and sorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons byPhanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42 (6) 958–963

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Barkovskii AL, Adriaens P (1995): Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin partitioned from Passaic River sediments in an autochthonous microbial community. Organohalogen Compounds 24, 17–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Barkovskii AL, Adriaens P (1996): Microbial dechlorination of historically present and freshly spiked chlorinated dioxins and diversity of dioxin-dechlorinating populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (12) 4556–4562

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Barr D, Aust S (1994): Mechanisms White Rot Fungi use to degrade pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 28 (2) 78a-87a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Beaudette L, Davies S, Fedorak P, Ward O, Pickard M (1998): Comparison of gas chromatography and mineralization experiments for measuring loss of selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in cultures of White Rot Fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 (6) 2020–2025

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bedard D, Unterman R, Bopp L, Brennan M, Haberl M, Johnson C (1986): Rapid assay for screening and characterising micro-organism for the ability to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls. Appl Environ Microbiol 51, 4, 761–768

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Behrooz Ghorishi S, Altwicker E, (1995): Formation of polychlorinated dioxins, furans, benzenes and phenols in the post-combustion region of a heterogeneous combustor: effect of bed material and post-combustion temperature. Environ Sci Technol 29 (5) 1156–1162

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bell RM, Failey RA (1991): Plant uptake of organic pollutants. In: Organic contaminants in the environment (Jones KC, ed) Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp 189–206

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bertazzi PA (1997): Dioxins in the environment: follow-up of the population at Seveso. Louvain Med 116, 113–121

    Google Scholar 

  27. Birnbaum LS (1993): EPA’s reassessment of dioxin risk: directed health research. Chemosphere 27 (1–3) 469–475

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bligh E, Dyer W (1959): A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can J Biochem Physiol 37, 8, 911–917

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bock C, Harms H (1996): Metabolism of selected polychlorobiphenyl congeners in plant cell cultures. Organohalogen Comp 28, 53–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bock C (1999): Untersuchungen des Metabolismus von 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 77) und 2,2′,5-Trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 18) in ausgewählten pflanzlichen In-vitro-Systemen, Dissertation, Techn Univ Braunschweig

  31. Boyle A, Phelps C, Young L (1999): Isolation from estuarine sediments of aDesulfouibrio strain which can grow on lactate coupled to the reductive dehalogenation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 65 (3) 1133–1140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brazil G, Kenefik L, Callanan M, Haro A, de Lorenzo V, Dowling D, O’Gara F (1995): Construction of a rhizosphere Pseudomonad with potential to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls and detection of bph gene expression in the rhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 (5) 1946–1952

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Briggs G, Bromilow R, Evans A (1982): Relationships between lipophilicity and root uptake and translocation of nonionised chemicals by Barley Pestic Sci 13, 495–504

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Briggs G, Bromilow R, Evans A, Williams M (1983): Relationships between lipophilicity and the distribution of non-ionised chemicals in Barley shoots following uptake by the roots. Pestic Sci 14, 492–500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Buckley E (1982): Accumulation of airborne PCBs in foliage, Science 216, 520–522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Butler J, Groeger A, Fletcher J (1992): Characterization of monochlorinated biphenyl products formed by plant cells. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49, 821–826

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Buyanovsky GA, Kremer R, Gadja A, Kazemi H (1995): Effect of corn plant and rhizosphere populations on pesticide degradation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55, 689–696

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cains P, McCausland L, Fernandes A, Dike P (1997): PCDD/F formation in incineration: effects of fly ash and carbon source. Environ Sci Technol 31 (3) 776–785

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Calamari D, Bacci E, Focardi S, Gaggi C, Morosini M, Vighi M (1991): Role of plant biomass in the global environmental partitioning of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 25 (8) 1489–1495

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Campanella B, Paul R (2000): Presence, in the rhizosphere and leaf extracts of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) and Melon (Cucumis melo L.), of molecules capable of increasing the apparent aqueous solubility of hydrophobic pollutants. I J Phytorem 2 (2) 145–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chappell J (1997): Phytoremediation of TCE in groundwater using Populus, EPA, USA, 54 pp

    Google Scholar 

  42. Choudhry GG, Webster GRB (1989): Environmental photochemistry of PCDDs. 2. Quantum yields of direct phototransformation of 1,2,3,7-tetra-, 1,3,6,8-tetra-, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hepta-, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octa-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in aqueous acetonitrile and their sunlight half-lives. J Agric Food Chem 37, 254–261

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999): ‘Discussion paper on dioxins’ Report No CX/FAC 00/26. FAO/WHO, Beijing, China

    Google Scholar 

  44. Coleman J, Blake-Kalff M, Emyr Davies T (1997): Detoxification of xenobiotics by plants: chemical modification and vacuolar compartmentation. Trends in Plant Sci 2 (4) 144–151

    Google Scholar 

  45. nseil Fédéral Suisse (1998): Ordonnance sur les atteintes portées aux sols (OSol). Arrêté Fédéral: RO 1998 1854, 12 pp

  46. Dakora F, Joseph C, Phillips, D (1993): Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root exudates contain isoflavonoïds in the presence ofRhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiol 101, 819–824

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Dietrich D, Hickey W, Lamar R (1995): Degradation of 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl, 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobipnenyl, and 2,2′,4,4′, 5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microb 61 (11) 3904–3909

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Donnely P, Hedge R, Fletcher J (1994): Growth of PCB-degrading bacteria on compounds from photosynthetic plants. Chemosphere 28 (5) 981–988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Donnelly P, Fletcher J (1995): PCB metabolism by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 54, 507–513

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Durkee J (1999): Persistent organic pollutants pose serious challenges to urban areas. IETC INSIGHT 5, (http://maestro.unep.or.ip/ietc/publications/insight/may-99/4.asp)

  51. A (1999): ‘Persistent bioaccumulative toxic (PBT) chemicals; proposed rule’, Rep No 40 CFR Part 372. EPA, USA

  52. Erickson LE, Banks M, Davis L, Schwab A, Muralidharan N, Reilley K (1998): Using vegetation to enhance in situ bioremediation. In:http:// www.engg.ksu.edu/HSRC/phvtorem/vegehance.html

  53. Ferro AM, Sims RC, Burgbee B (1994): Hycrest Crested Wheatgrass accelerates the degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil. J Environ Qual 23, 272–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fetzner S (1998): Bacterial dehalogenation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50 (6) 633–657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Field J, de Jong E, Costa G, de Bont J (1992): Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by new isolates of White Rot Fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 (7) 2219–2226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Figge K, Metzdorf U, Nevermann J (1993): Bakterielle Mineralisierung von Dibenzofuran, Dibenzo-p-dioxin und 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzol in Böden. UWSF — Z Umweltchem Ökotox 5 (3) 122–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Fletcher J, Donnely P, Hedge R (1995): Plant assisted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) biodegradation. Proceedings of the 14th annual symposium on current topics in plant biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology, 1995, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA

    Google Scholar 

  58. Focht D (1995): Strategies for the improvement of aerobic metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls. Curr Opin Biotechnol 6, 341–346

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fries G (1995): Transport of organic environmental contaminants to animal products. Rev Environ Contam Tox 141, 70–109

    Google Scholar 

  60. Fries G, Paustenbach D, Mather D, Luksemburg W (1999): A congener specific evaluation of transfer of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to milk of cows following ingestion of pentachlorophenol-treated wood. Environ Sci Technol 33 (8) 1165–1170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Friesen JK, Muir DCG, Webster GRB (1990): Evidence of sensitized photolysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in natural waters under sunlight conditions. Environ Sci Technol 24 (11), 1739–1744

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Friesen KJ, Loewen MD, Foga MM (1993): Environmental aquatic photodegradation of chlorinated dibenzofurans and their photoproducts. Organohalogen Compounds 12, 135–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gilbert E, Crowley D (1997): Plant compounds that induce polychlorinated biphenyl biodegradation by Arthrobacter sp. strain B1B. Appl Environ Microb 63 (5) 1933–1938

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gonzales MJ (1996): Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in human milk from populations of Madrid and Paris. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56, 197–204

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gullet BK (1992): Mechanistic steps in the production of PCDD and PCDF during waste combustion. Chemosphere 25 (7–10) 1387–1392

    Google Scholar 

  66. Groeger A, Fletcher J (1988): The influence of increasing chlorine content on the accumulation and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by Paul’s Scarlet Rose cells. Plant Cell Rep 7, 329–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Harner T, Mackay D (1995): Measurement of Octanol-Air partition coefficients for chlorobenzenes, PCBs and DDT. Environ Sci Technol 29 (6) 1599–1606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hedge RS, Fletcher J (1996): Influence of plant growth stage and season on the release of root phenolics by mulberry as related to development of phytoremediation technology. Chemosphere 32 (12) 2471–2479

    Google Scholar 

  69. Heeschen W, Bliithgen A, Steimer J (1993): Allgemeines über Aufnahme, Verteilung, Metabolismus, Retention und Ausscheidung Polychlorierter Biphenyle beim Säuger, in: Carry over von polychlorierten Biphenylen, Angewandte Wissenschaft 418, Schriftenreihe des Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Reihe A: Angewandte Wissenschaft, Heft 418, Landwirtschaftsverlag GmbH, Münster, pp 33–43

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hermanson M, Hites R (1990): Polychlorinated biphenyls in tree bark. Environ Sci Technol 24, 666–671

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hoekstra E, De Weerd H, De Leer E, Brinkman U (1999) Natural formation of chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans in soil of a Douglas fir forest. Environ Sci Technol 33 (15) 2543–2549

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Huff J (1992): 2,3,7,8-TCDD: a potential and complete carcinogen in experimental animals. Chemosphere 25 (1–2) 173–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Hülster A, Marschner H (1994): The influence of root exudates on the uptake of PCDD/PCDF by plants. Organohalogen compounds 20, 31–34

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hülster A, Marschner H (1995): Verlagerung von PCDD/F aus dem Boden in verschiedene Pflanzenarten. Hohenheimer Umwelttagung 27, 35–43

    Google Scholar 

  75. International Programme on Chemical Safety (1989): Environmental Health Criteria 88, Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans. World Health Organisation (WHO) Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  76. Joshi D, Gold M (1994): Oxidation of dibenzo-p-dioxin by lignin peroxidase from the basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochemistry 33, 10969–10976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kalevi K, Donner A, Kiviranta H, Vartiainen T, Jorgensen K (1998): Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans as impurities in wood preservative contaminated and remediated soil. In: Contaminated Soil ’98 (Telford T, ed) Vol 2, pp 1079–1081, Ediburgh, UK

  78. Kaminsky L, Kennedy M, Adams S, Guengerich F (1981): Metabolism of dichlorobiphenyls by highly purified isoenzymes of rat liver cytochrome P-450. Biochemistry 20, 7379–7384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kew GA, Schaum J, White P, Evans T (1989): Review of plant uptake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from soil and potential influences of bioavailability. Chemosphere 18 (1–8) 1313–1318

    Google Scholar 

  80. Law FC, Gudaitis JA (1994): A preliminary assessment of human health risks due to consumption of fish contaminated by dioxins and furans in the Fraser and Thompson rivers. Chemosphere 28 (6) 1079–1086

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Lee I, Fletcher J (1992): Involvement of mixed function oxidase systems in polychlorinated biphenyl metabolism by plant cells. Plant Cell Rep 11, 97–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Leigh MB, Fletcher J, Nagle DP, Mackova M, Macek T (2000): Field studies examining rhizosphere-enhanced PCB degradation in the Czech Republic. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, September 12–14, 2000, Prague, Czech Republic

  83. Lemieux P, Lutes C, Abbott J, Aldous K (2000): Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans from the open burning of household waste in barrels. Environ Sci Technol 34 (3) 377–384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Liss S, Baker K (1994): Anoxic/anaerobic bioremediation. In: Bioremediation (Baker K, Herson D, eds) pp 297–342

  85. May R, Schröder P, Sandermann H (1997): An efficient two-stage model fungal reactor designed to treat PAH contaminated soil. Environ Sci Technol 31 (9) 2626–2633

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. McCrady JK, McFarlane C, Gander LK (1990): The transport and fate of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in soybean and corn. Chemosphere 21 (3) 359–376

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. McCrady JK, Maggard SP (1993): Uptake and photodegradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin sorbed to grass foliage. Environ Sci Technol 27 (2) 343–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. McCrady J (1994): Vapor-phase 2,3,7,8-TCDD sorption to plant foliage: a species comparison. Chemosphere 28 (1) 207–216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Meckes M, Tillman J (1997): Removal of PCBs from a contaminated soil using CF-Systems solvent extraction processes. J Air and Waste Manag Assoc 47 (10) 1119–1124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Mondello F, Turcich M, Lobos J, Erickson B (1997): Identification and Modification of Biphenyl Dioxygenase Sequences That Determine the Specificity of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 (8) 3096–3103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Morimoto K, Kenji T (1995): Effect of humic substances on the enzymatic formation of OCDD from PCP. Organohalogen Compounds 23, 387–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Mougin C, Chaplain V, Gaillardon P (1996): Le traitement biologique des sols pollués par des composés organiques: l’intérêt des champignons filamenteux. Le Courrier de l’Environnnement 28, 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  93. Mukerjee D (1998): Health impart of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins: a review. J Air and Waste Manag Assoc 48, 157–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Munch JC, Rosenbrock P (2000): Microbial dechlorination of organic pollutants in anaerobic soil compartments. Proceedings of the InterCOST Workshop on Bioremediation, November 15–18, 2000, Sorrento, Italy, p 100

    Google Scholar 

  95. Neumann G, Hülster A, Marschner H (1997): Identifizierung PCDD/ F-mobilisierender Verbindungen in Wurzelexsudaten von Zucchini. In: Rhizosphärenprozesse, Umweltstress und Ökosystemstabilität (Merbach W, ed) pp 167–175

  96. Noorman F, Vis P (1995): Successful soil purification test by Ecotechniek. In: Contaminated soil ’95 (Van Den Brink W, Bosman R, Arendt F, eds) pp 1013–1022

  97. Norris G, Al-dhahair Z, Birnstingl J (1998): A case study of the remediation of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using low temperature thermal desorption. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Contaminated Soil. (Telford T, ed) Vol 2, pp 1079–1081, Edinburgh, UK

  98. Oberg LG, Glas B, Swanson SE, Rappe C, Paul KG (1990): Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chlorophenols to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 19, 930–938

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Oberg LG, Rappe C (1992): Biochemical formation of PCDD/Fs from chlorophenols. Chemosphere 25 (1–2), 49–52

    Google Scholar 

  100. Paterson S, Mackay D, McFarlane C (1994): A model of organic chemical uptake by plants from soil and the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 28 (13) 2259–2266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Paterson S, Mackay D, Tam D, Shiu W (1990): Uptake of organic chemicals by plants: a review of processes, correlations and models. Chemosphere 21 (3) 297–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Pesatori AC, Consonni D, Tironi A, Landi M (1992): Cancer morbidity in the Seveso area, 1976–1986. Chemosphere 25 (1–2) 209–212

    Google Scholar 

  103. Polder M, Hulzebos E, Jager D (1995): Validation of models on uptake of organic chemicals by plant roots. Environ Tox Chem 14 (9) 1615–1623

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Puri R, Qiuping Y, Kapila S, Lower W, Puri V (1997): Plant uptake and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In: Plants for environmental studies (Wang W, Gorsuch J, Hughes J, eds) Lewis Publishers, NY, pp 481–513

    Google Scholar 

  105. Reilley KA, Banks MK, Schwab AP: (1996): Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere. J Environ Qual 25, 212–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Reischl A, Reissinger M, Thoma H, Hutzinger O (1989): Uptake and accumulation of PCDD/F in terrestrial plants: basic considerations. Chemosphere 19 (1–6) 467–474

    Google Scholar 

  107. Rhee G, Sokol R, Bethoney C, Bush B (1993): Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls by Hudson river sediment organisms: specificity to the chlorination pattern of congeners. Environ Sci Technol 27 (6) 1190–1192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Sacchi G, Vigano P, Fortunati G, Coccuci S (1986): Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD from soil and nutrient solution by bean and maize plants. Experientia 42, 586–588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Safe S, Robertson L, Safe L, Parkinson A, Bandiera S, Sawyer T, Campbell M (1982): Halogenated biphenyl: Molecular toxicology. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60, 1057–1064

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Safe S, Biegel L, Harris M, Narasimhan T, Lui H, Fernandez P (1992): Inhibition of estrogenand growth factor-induced proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines by TCDD: characterization and mechanistic studies. Chemosphere 25 (1–2) 83–86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Schmidt S (1998): Biodegradation of diaryl ether pesticides. In: Biodegradation of dioxins and furans (Wittich RM, ed) R.G. Landes & Springer Verlag, London, UK, pp 229–281

    Google Scholar 

  112. Schnoor JL, Licht L, McCutcheon S, Wolfe N, Carreira L (1995): Phytoremediation of organic and nutrient contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 29 (7) 318a-323a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Schröder P (1997): Fate of Glutathione S-conjugates in plants: cleavage of the glutathione moiety. In: Regulation of enzymatic systems detoxifying xenobiotics in plants (Hatzios KK, ed) Kluwer Acad. Publ. The Netherlands, pp 233–244

    Google Scholar 

  114. Schulte E, Acker L (1974): Identifizierung und Metabolisierbarkeit von PCBs. Naturwissenschaften 61, 79–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Schultz D (1993): PCDD/PCDF: German policy and measures to protect man and the environment. Chemosphere 27 (1–3) 501–507

    Google Scholar 

  116. Schwab A, Banks M (1994): Biologically mediated dissipation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the root zone. In: Bioremediation through rhizosphere (American Chemical Society, ed) 563, 132–141

  117. Shiu WY, Doucette W, Gobas F, Andren A, Mackay D (1988): Physical-chemical properties of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Environ Sci Technol 22 (6) 651–658

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Siciliano SD, Germida JJ (1998): Mechanisms of phytoremediation: biochemical and ecological interactions between plants and bacteria. Environ Rev 6, 65–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Simonich SL, Hites RA (1995): Organic pollutant accumulation in vegetation. Environ Sci Technol 29 (12) 2905–2912

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Standley L, Hites RA (1991): Chlorinated organic contaminants in the atmosphere. In: Organic contaminants in the environment (Jones KC, ed) Elsevier Applied Science, Lancaster,UK, pp 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  121. Sun B, Cole J, Sanford R, Tiedje J (2000): Isolation and characterization ofDesulfovibrio dechloracetivorans sp. nov., a marine dechlorinating bacterium growing by coupling the oxidation of acetate to the reductive dechlorination of 2-chlorophenol. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 (6) 2408–2413

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sutherland J, Selby A, Freeman J, Evans F, Cerniglia C (1991): Metabolism of phenanthrene byPhanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 (11) 3310–3316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Svenson A, Kjeller LO, Rappe C (1989): Enzyme-mediated formation of 2,3,7,8-tetra substituted chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 23 (7), 900–902

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Sweetman A, Jones K (2000): Declining PCB concentrations in the UK atmosphere: evidence and possible causes. Environ Sci Technol 34 (5) 863–869

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Takada S, Nakamura M, Matsueda T, Kondo R, Sakai K (1996): Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans by the White Rot FungusPhanerochaete sordida YK-624. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 (12) 4323–4328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Takeshita R, Akimoto Y, Nito S (1992): Relationship between the formation of PCDD/F and the control of combustion, hydrogen chloride level in flue gas and gas temperature in a municipal waste incinerator. Chemosphere 24 (5) 589–598

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Toussaint M, van der Steen J, Slot P, de Wolf J, Beurskens J, Parsons J (1995): Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins by a bacterial consortium isolated frome Lake Ketelmeer sediment. In: Contaminated soil ’95 (Van Den Brink W, Bosman R, Arendt F, eds) pp 423–425

  128. Trapp S (1995): Plant contamination: modeling and simulation of organic chemical processes. Lewis Publishers, p 254

  129. Tucker B, McLean J, Brar J, Anderson A (1999): Soil composition and suppression of pyrene mineralisation byPhanerochaete chrysosporium. Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on hazardous waste research, pp 325–332

  130. Van den Berg M, Birnbaum L, Bosveld BTC, Brunström B, Cook P, Feeley M, Giesy JP, Hanberg A, Hasegawa R, Kennedy SW, Kubiak T, Larsen JC, van Leeuwen FXR, Liem AKD, Nolt C, Peterson RE, Poellinger L, Safe S, Schrenk D, Tillitt D, Tysklind M, Younes M (1998): Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs for humans and wildlife. Environ Health Perspec 106 (12) 775–792

    Google Scholar 

  131. Vogel T, Schlegel T (1998): Anaerobic/aerobic bioremediation of PCB-contaminated soil and sediment. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Contaminated Soil (Telford T, ed) Vol. 1, pp 523–530, Edinburgh, UK

  132. Wagner HC, Schramm KW, Hutzinger O (1990): Biogenic polychlorinated dioxin and furan from trichlorophenol. Organohalogen Compounds 3, 453–456

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Wagrowski D, Hites R (1998): Partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans between the atmosphere and corn. Environ Sci Technol 32 (16) 2389–2393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Welsch-Pausch K, McLachlan M, Umlauf G (1995): Determination of the principal pathways of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to Lolium multiflorum (Welsh Ray Grass). Environ Sci Technol 29 (4) 1090–1098

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. WHO (1998): Assessment of the health risk of dioxins: re-evaluation of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). WHO European Centre for Environment and Health International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  136. Wikström E, Tysklind M, Marklund S (1999): Influence of variation in combustion conditions on the primary formation of chlorinated organic micropollutants during municipal solid waste combustion. Environ Sci Technol 33 (23) 4263–4269

    Google Scholar 

  137. Wikström E, Marklund S (2000): Secondary formation of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, benzenes and phenols during MSW combustion. Environ Sci Technol 34 (4) 604–609

    Google Scholar 

  138. Wilken A, Bock C, Bokern M, Harms H (1995): Metabolism of different PCB congeners in plant cell cultures. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 (12) 2017–2122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Wood JM (1982): Chlorinated hydrocarbons: oxidation in the biosphere. Environ Sci Technol 16 (5) 291a-297a

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Yadav J, Quensen J, Tiedje J, Reddy C (1995): Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures (Aroclors 1242, 1252 and 1260) by the White Rot FungusPhanerochaete chrysosporium as evidenced by congener-specific analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 61 (7) 2560–2565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Agricultural University, B-5030, Gembloux, Belgium

    Bruno F. Campanella

  2. Zentrales Analytisches Labor, BTU Cottbus, D-03044, Cottbus, Germany

    Claudia Bock

  3. Institute for Soil Ecology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, D-85758, Oberschleißheim, Germany

    Peter Schröder

Authors
  1. Bruno F. Campanella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Claudia Bock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter Schröder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bruno F. Campanella.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Campanella, B.F., Bock, C. & Schröder, P. Phytoremediation to increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res 9, 73–85 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987318

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987318

Keywords

Search

Navigation