Summary
The simplest method of origin of ring formation, direct segmental interchange, gives interchange heterozygotes which inevitably contain segments of chromosomes of three different types in respect of crossing-over;differential segments with no crossing-over,interstitial segments (proximal to the interchange) with reduced and deleterious crossing-over, andterminal segments with simple crossing-over. These different kinds of segments account for the existence of a complex, of genes characteristically associated with the complex, and of others in which freer crossing-over is possible and no characteristic association with the complex occurs.
This type of reproduction is an example of a compromise between the advantages of free combination and of absolute linkage found in simple sexual reproduction and in clonal reproduction respectively. This compromise is found very widely in plants and animals, although expressed in many different ways. Wherever it occurs it is a means of species formation.
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Darlington, C.D. The limitation of crossing-over inOenothera . Journ. of Genetics 32, 343–352 (1936). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982685
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982685