Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

  • Entomology
  • Published:
Phytoparasitica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 µg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100µg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 µg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anshelevich, L., Kehat, M., Dunkelblum, E. and Greenberg, S. (1993) Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella: Effect of pheromone components, pheromone dose, field aging of dispenser, and type of trap on male captures.Phytoparasitica 21:189–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Anshelevich, L., Kehat, M., Dunkelblum, E. and Greenberg, S. (1994) Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the European vine moth,Lobesia botrana: Effect of dispenser type, pheromone dose, field aging of dispenser, and type of trap on male captures.Phytoparasitica 22:281–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Baker, T.C., Meyer, W. and Roelofs, W.L. (1981) Sex pheromone dosage and blend specificity of response by Oriental fruit moth males.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 30:269–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brown, D.F. and McDonough, L.M. (1986) Insect sex pheromones: Formulation to increase the stability of conjugated dienes.J. Econ. Entomol. 79:922–927.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Butler, L.I. and McDonough, L.M. (1981) Insect sex pheromones: Evaporation rates of alcohols and acetates from natural rubber septa.J. Chem. Ecol. 7:627–632.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cardé, A.M., Baker, T.C. and Cardé, R.T. (1979) Identification of a four-component sex pheromone of the Oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).J. Chem. Ecol. 5:423–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cardé, R.T. and Minks, A.K. (1995) Control of moth pests by mating disruption: successes and constraints.Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40:559–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Charmillot, P.J. (1990) Mating disruption technique to control codling moth in Western Switzerland.in: Ridgeway, R.L., Silverstein, R.M. and Inscoe, M.N. [Eds.] Behavior-modifying Chemicals for Pest Management: Applications of Pheromones and Other Attractants. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp. 165–182.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Daterman, G.E. (1982) Monitoring insects with pheromones: Trapping objectives and bait formulations.in: Kydonieus, A.F. and Beroza, M. [Eds.] Insect Suppression with Controlled Release Pheromone Systems. Vol. 1. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 195–212.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Flint, H.M., Butler, L.I., McDonough, L.M., Smith, R.L. and Forey, D.E. (1978) Pink bollworm: response to various emission rates of gossyplure in the field.Environ. Entomol. 7:57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gut, L.J. and Brunner, J.F. (1995) Pheromone lures for monitoring codling moth.Proc. Wash. State Hortic. Assoc. 91:235–237.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Howse, P.E., Stevens, L.D.R. and Jones, O.T. (1998) Insect Pheromones and Their Use in Pest Management. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hull, A.L., Krawczyk, G. and Ellis, N. (2001) Management tactics for the Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) in Pennsylvania apple orchards.Pa Fruit News 81:23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kehat, M., Anshelevich, L., Dunkelblum, E., Fraishtat, P. and Greenberg, S. (1994) Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the codling moth: effect of dispenser type, and field aging of dispenser, pheromone dose and type of trap on male captures.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 70:55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kehat, M., Anshelevich, L., Dunkelblum, E. and Greenberg, S. (1994) Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the peach twig borer,Anarsia lineatella Zeller: Effect of pheromone components, pheromone dose, field aging of dispenser, and type of trap on male captures.Phytoparasitica 22:291–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Knight, A.L. (1995) Evaluating pheromone emission rate and blend in disrupting sexual communication of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).Environ. Entomol. 24:1396–1403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Knight, A.L. (2002) A comparison of gray halo-butyl elastomer and red rubber septa to monitor codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in sex pheromone-treated orchards.J. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 99:123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kovanci, O.B., Schal, C., Walgenbach, J.F. and Kennedy, G.G. (2005) Comparison of mating disruption with pesticides for management of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North Carolina apple orchards.J. Econ. Entomol. 98:1248–1258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kovanci, O.B., Walgenbach, J.F. and Kennedy, G.G. (2004) Evaluation of extended-season mating disruption of the Oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in apples.J. Appl. Entomol. 128:664–669.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kovanci, O.B., Walgenbach, J.F., Kennedy, G.G. and Schal, C. (2005) Effects of application rate and interval on the efficacy of sprayable pheromone for mating disruption of the oriental fruit moth.Phytoparasitica 33:334–342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Maitlen, J.C., McDonough, L.M., Moffitt, H.R. and George, D.A. (1976) Codling moth sex pheromone: Baits for mass trapping and population survey.Environ. Entomol. 5:199–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McNeil, J.N. (1991) Behavioral ecology of pheromone-mediated communication in moths and its importance in the use of pheromone traps.Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36:407–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pree, D.J., Trimble, R.M., Whitty, K.J. and Vickers, P.M. (1994) Control of Oriental fruit moth by mating disruption in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario.Can. Entomol. 126:1287–1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Quisumbing, A.R. and Kydonieus, A.F. (1989) Plastic laminate dispensers.in: Jutsum, A.R. and Gordon, R.S.F. [Eds.] Insect Pheromones in Plant Protection. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. pp. 149–163.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rice, R.E. and Kirsch, P. (1990) Mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth in the United States.in: Ridgeway, R.L., Silverstein, R.M. and Inscoe, M.N. [Eds.] Behavior-modifying Chemicals for Pest Management: Applications of Pheromones and Other Attractants. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp. 193–211.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rice, R.C., Weakley, C.V. and Jones, R.A. (1984) Using degree-day to determine optimum spray timing for the Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).J. Econ. Entomol. 77:698–700.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Riedl, H., Howell, J.F., McNally, P.S. and Westigard, P.H. (1986) Codling moth management, use and standardization of pheromone trapping systems.Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Natural Resources Bull. 1918.

  28. Robertson, S.P. and Hull, L.A. (2001) Areawide mating disruption of the Oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta, in Pennsylvania apples and peaches — 2001.Proc. 77th Cumberland-Shenandoah Fruit Workers’ Conf. (Winchester, VA, USA), pp. 53–59.

  29. Roelofs, W.L., Cardé, R.T. and Tette, J. (1973) Oriental fruit moth attractant synergists.Environ. Entomol. 2:252–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rothschild, G.H.L. (1981) Mating disruption of lepidopterous pests: Current status and future prospects.in: Mitchell, E.R. [Ed.] Management of Insect Pests with Semiochemicals. Plenum Press, New York, NY. pp. 207–228.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Rothschild, G.H.L. and Minsk, A.K. (1977) Some factors influencing the performance of pheromone traps for oriental fruit moth in Australia.Entomol. Exp. Appl. 22:171–182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rothschild, G.H.L. and Vickers, R.A. (1991) The biology, ecology and control of Oriental fruit moth.in: Van Der Geest, L.P.S. and Evenhuis, H.H. [Eds.] Tortricid Pests: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 389–412.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sanders, C.J. and Lucuik, G.S. (1996) Disruption of male Oriental fruit moth to calling females in a wind tunnel by different concentrations of synthetic pheromone.J. Chem. Ecol. 22:1971–1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. SAS Institute (2001) SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Sziraki, G. (1979) Dispersion and movement activity of the Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck) in large scale orchards.Acta Phytopathol. Sci. Hung. 14:209–228.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Thomson, D.R., Gut, L.J. and Jenkins, J.W. (1999) Pheromones for insect control: Strategies and successes.in: Hall, F.R. and Menn, J.J. [Eds.] Methods in Biotechnology. Vol. 5, Biopesticides Use and Delivery. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ, USA. pp. 385–412.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Vickers, R.A. and Rothschild, G.H.L. (1985) Control of the Oriental fruit moth,Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) at a district level by mating disruption with synthetic female pheromone.Bull. Entomol. Res. 75:625–634.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Vrkoc, J., Konecny, K., Valterova, I. and Hrdý, I. (1988) Rubber substrates and their influence on isomerization of conjugated dienes in pheromone dispensers.J. Chem. Ecol. 14:1347–1358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wall, C. (1989) Monitoring and spray timing.in: Jutsum, A.R. and Gordon, R.S.F. [Eds.] Insect Pheromones in Plant Protection. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. pp. 39–60.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Weatherston, I. (1989) Alternative dispensers for trapping and disruption.in: Jutsum, A.R. and Gordon, R.S.F. [Eds.] Insect Pheromones in Plant Protection. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. pp. 249–275.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Gorukle Kampusu, 16059, Bursa, Turkey

    Orkun B. Kovanci

  2. Dept. of Entomology, North Carolina State University, 27695, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Coby Schal & George G. Kennedy

  3. Dept. of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, 28732, Fletcher, NC, USA

    F. Walgenbach

Authors
  1. Orkun B. Kovanci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Coby Schal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. F. Walgenbach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. George G. Kennedy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Orkun B. Kovanci.

Additional information

http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kovanci, O.B., Schal, C., Walgenbach, F. et al. Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards. Phytoparasitica 34, 252–260 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980952

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980952

Key words

Search

Navigation