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Eastern Paraguay: an overview of the post-Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic implications

Paraguay Orientale: una sintesi del magmatismo post-Paleozoico e implicazioni geodinamiche

  • Petrologia
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Abstract

Eastern Paraguay, at the westernmost part of the Paraná-Angola-Etendeka (PAE) system, at the westernmost fringe of the Early Cretaceous flood tholeiites (Serra Geral Formation, SGF), was the site of repeated and different magmatic activity from Mesozoic to Paleocene times. In the early Middle Triassic, sodic alkaline magmatism occurred along the belt represented by the Paraguay River, at the boundaries between Brazil and the Chaco-Pantanal basin. During the Early Cretaceous, potassic alkaline magmatism (where are present also alkaline-carbonatitic complexes) pre- and post-dates SGF. Further alkaline sodic magmatism occurred in Eastern Paraguay during late Early Cretaceous and Paleocene. The latter are characterized by the presence of abundant mantle xenoliths (spinel facies) in the ultramafic rock-types in the Misiones and Asunción provinces. Geological, petrological, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic results suggest that almost two main mantle components have been involved in the genesis of the magmatism in Eastern Paraguay: an extreme and heterogeneous EM and a HIMU component. The EM-like component appear prevalent in the Early Cretaceous potassic alkaline magmatism, whereas the HIMU was important in the late Early Cretaceous and Paleocene sodic magmatism. Different contributions of mantle component similar to EM and HIMU could also explain the geochemical heterogeneity of the Early Cretaceous flood tholeiites in Eastern Paraguay (i.e. high- and low-Ti types, with high and low contents of incompatible elements, respectively). In the light of these facts, the mantle plume/hotspot hypothesis for the origin of the magmatism in Eastern Paraguay must be reviewed, at least regarding which plumes are most likely to have been active at the right place and right time for a specific province. In fact, in order to explain the widespread distribution of South American (Angolan and Namibian) Early Cretaceous tholeiitic and alkaline magmatism, a hypothetical mantle plume head is not compelling. We support rifting processes which resulted in different lithospheric thickness beneath the edge of cratonic shields, inducing small-scale convection cells. In addition, the presence of long-lived thermal anomalies in the mantle has already been demonstrated by seismic velocity distribution models based on tomographic techniques using both P- and S-waves. On the whole, the geophysical evidence and geochemical results, combined with new well controlled ages (mainly40Ar/39 Ar ages) for the magmatic events in Eastern Paraguay, indicate that any model proposed for the evolution of the PAE in terms of HIMU and EM end-members must satisfy the following constraints: (a) HIMU and EMI-II are not restricted to the oceanic environment; (b) end-members are variously associated in space as a function of the various protoliths; (c) mantle regions with HIMU and EMI isotope compositions are capable of generating melts that can lead to the formation of a wide variety of silicate rocks, including melts enriched in CO2 (including alkaline-carbonatitic complexes,i.e. mantle metasomatism); (d) the geochemical features of the sodic alkaline rock-types cluster together, well distinct in comparison with the potassic alkaline from Paraguay, but consistent with the potassic alkaline-carbonatite rocks from Angola and Namibia; (e) the paleomagnetic results in dicate that any mantle plume hypothesis is in disagreement with the fixed and mobile plume models. Finally, it is suggested that a more complete fluidodynamic models must be developed for the plate-tectonic models.

Riassunto

Il Paraguay Orientale, situato nella parte più occidentale del sistema Paraná-Angola-Etendeka (Namibia: PAE), è una regione interessata da ripetuta e differente attività magmatica in un arco temporale che si estende dal Mesozoico al Paleocene. Durante il Medio Triassico inferiore, un magmatismo alcalino sodico si estende lungo il corso superiore del Rio Paraguay, al confine tra il Brasile (bacino del Paraná) e il bacino Chaco-Pantanal. Durante il Cretacico Inferiore differenti tipi di magmatismo alcalino potassico (dove sono frequenti i complessi alcalinocarbonatitici) precedono e seguono le colate tholeiitiche della Formazione Serra Geral. Successivamente, durante il tardo Cretacico Inferiore e il Paleocene, si verificano altri due episodi di magmatismo alcalino sodico. Questi ultimi sono caratterizzati dalla presenza di abbondanti xenoliti di mantello (facies a spinello) nei tipi di rocce ultramafiche. In generale, le caratteristiche geologiche, petrologiche, mineralogiche, geochimiche e geochimico-isotopiche suggeriscono che nel Paraguay Orientale almeno due componenti di mantello sono state variamente coinvolte nella genesi del magmatismo dal Cretacico al Paleocene; una componente fortemente arricchita (tipo EM) e una componente «impoverita» (tipo HIMU). In particolare la componente tipo EM è assolutamente prevalente nel magmatismo alcalino potassico, mentre la componente tipo HIMU appare importante per il magmatismo sodico del tardo Cretacico Inferiore e del Paleocene. Contributi differenti dei componenti EM e HIMU sono consistenti anche con la eterogeneità geochimica osservata nelle tholeiiti del Paraguay Orientale (come anche in tutto il bacino del Paraná), cioè varianti ad «alte» e «basse» concentrazioni in Titanio (ed elementi incompatibili). Alla luce di questi fatti deve essere rivista ogni ipotesi dimantle plume ebot spot, relative all’ origine del magmatismo nel Paraguay Orientale, per lo meno in quanto inconsistenti dal punto di vista spazio-temporale. Infatti, per quanto riguarda la diffusione in Sud America (e Angola e Namibia) di magmatismo tholeiitico e alcalino, con caratteristiche geochimiche e petrogenetiche profondamente differenti che chiaramente riflettono eterogeneità di mantello (metasomatismo di mantell), una ipoteticamantle plume è difficile da sostenere. Si suggeriscono pertanto processi distensivi diffusi a differenti profondità litosferiche e attivi in particolar modo ai limiti delle differenti aree cratoniche e che inducono celle convettive a piccola scala. Per di più, la presenza di anomalie termiche di lungo periodo è stata messa in evidenza dai modelli di distribuzione delle onde sismiche, basati su tecniche tomografiche sia delle onde P che delle onde S. Nel complesso, le evidenze geofisiche combinate con i dati geochimici e recenti datazioni radiometriche controllate dal punto di vista degli equilibri isotopici (soprattutto datazioni40Ar/39Ar su rocce e minerali), indicano che nel Paraguay Orientale ogni modello proposto per la evoluzione del PAE, in termini di componenti EM e HIMU, deve soddisfare le seguenti condizioni; (a) i componenti di mantello tipo HIMU e EMI-II non sono ristretti al solo ambiente oceanico; (b) questi componenti risultano variamente associati nello spazio in funzione di differenti protoliti; (c) regioni mantelliche con differenti composizioni isotopiche tipo HIMU and EMI sono in grado di generare fusi che possono portare alla formazione di una grande varietà di rocce silicatiche, inclusi fusi arricchiti in CO2, e quindi complessi alcalino-carbonatitici; (d) le caratteristiche geochimiche del magmatismo sodico, sia Mesozoico che Paleogenico, sono estremamente simili, ma ben differenti rispetto al magmatismo alcalino-potassico del Paraguay, e se mai consistenti col magmatismo potassico dell’Angola e della Namibia; (e) le risultanze paleomagnetiche indicano che ogni modello relativo alla presenza dimantle plume non si accorda né con la presenza di una «mantle plume» fissa, né mobile. Infine si suggerisce che debbano essere sviluppati modelli fluidodinamici che tengano conto di tutte le variabili meccaniche del nostro pianeta per quanto riguarda una migliore definizione della tettonica a placche.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Weiss, 8, 34127, Trieste

    Piero Comin-Chiaramonti & Angelo De Min

  2. Instituto de Geociências, USP-Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 562, CEP 05508-080, São Paulo, (Brasile)

    Celso De Barros Gomes

  3. Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmósfericas, USP-Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, (Brasile)

    Marcia Ernesto

  4. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Padova, Corso Garibaldi, 37, 35137, Padova

    Andrea Marzolie & Claudio Riccomini

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  1. Piero Comin-Chiaramonti
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Pervenuta in forma definitiva il 25 settembre 2007.

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Comin-Chiaramonti, P., Gomes, C.D.B., De Min, A. et al. Eastern Paraguay: an overview of the post-Paleozoic magmatism and geodynamic implications. Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei 18, 139–192 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02974464

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