Résumé
Les antigènes de la lumière intestinale sont transportéd à travers ľépithélium vers le tissu lymphoïde associé au tube digestif (GALT: « gut-associated lymphoid tissue º) . Selon leur calibre, les molécules traversent ľépithélium via les cellules M (cellules à replis membranaires) de ľépithélium associées aux follicules lymphoïdes ou via les micro-villosités entérocy.taires (diamètre intérieur à 5 000 Da). Les peptides antigéniques se lient aux molécules du complexe majeur ďhisto-compatibilité présent dans les entérocytes génétiquement contrôlées. Ľensemble antigène et molécules MHC classe II est présenté aux lymphocytes T auxiliaires CD4+, lesquels induisent la différentiation des lymphocytes B. Les cellules M incorporent les macromolécules par endocytose selon un mode de transport non contrôlé par MHC et les véhiculent jusqu’aux macrophages sous-jacents ou aux cellules réticulaires dendritiques MHC classe II positives.
Dans la muqueuse des maladies inflammatoires intestinales (MII), en particulier en cas ďinflammation active, il y a augmentation des entérocytes exprimant les molécules classe II. Cette modification active les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques et induit la modification immunologique en cascade, avec activation des cellules B et production ďimmunoglobulines. Les entérocytes perdent leurs micro-villosités, montrent des zones ďinvagination en contact avec les cellules M. Les lymphocytes localisés aux parois latérales des entérocytes montrent des protusions en contact étroit avec le sommet des membranes plasmiques. Le nombre de cellules M couvrant les lymphocytes et les macrophages est accru. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses vésicules apicales. Bien que ľétiologie des maladies inflammatoires intestinales reste inconnue, ľaccroissement de ľexpression molécule classe II des entérocytes et le nombre total de cellules M indiquent un transport antigénique accru dans la paroi intestinale.
Summary
Intestinal luminal antigen is transported through the epithelium to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Depending on their size, molecules cross the epithelium via the microfold (M) cells of the follicle-associated epithelium or via the enterocytic microvilli (> 5 000 Da). The antigenic peptides are bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules present in enterocytes in a genetically restricted way. Antigen together with MHC class II molecules is presented to CD4 positive helper T cells and these autoreactive T cells induce B cell differentiation. M cells endocytose macromolecules in a non MHC restricted way and transport them to underlying macrophages or MHC class II positive dendritic cells.
In IBD mucosa there is increased enterocytic class II molecule expression especially in the presence of active inflammation. This results in activation of helper T cells and induces an inflammatory immunocascade with B cell activation and immunoglobulin production. Enterocytes loose microvilli and show invaginating contacts with M cells. Lymphocytes at the basolateral cell walls of enterocytes show protruding processes in close apposition to tips of plasma membranes. The number of M cells overlying lymphocytes and macrophages is increased. They contain numerous apical vesicles. Although the aetiology of IBD remains unknown, the increased class II molecule expression in enterocytes as well as the amount of M cells indicate increased antigen handling in the gut wall.
Resumen
Los antígenos de la luz intestinal son transportados a travéz del epitelio hacia el tejido linfoide asociado al tubo digestivo (GALT: « gut-associated lymphoid tissue º). Según su calibre, las moléculas atraviesan el epitelio vía las células M (células a repliegues membranarios) del epitelio asociadas a los folículos linfoides o vía las microvellosidades enterocitarias (diámetro inferior a 5 000 Da). Los péptidos antigénicos se enlazan a las moléculas del complejo mayor de histo-compatibilidad presente en los enterocitos genéticamente controlados. El conjunto antígeno y moléculas MHC close II es presentado a los linfocitos T auxiliares CD4 los cuales inducen la diferenciación de linfocitos B. Las células M incorporan las macromoléculas por endocitosis según un modo de transporte no controlado por MHC y los transportan hasta los macrófagos sub-yacentes o a las células reticulares dendríticas MHC close II positivas. En la mucosa de las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (Ell), en particular en caso de inflamación activa hay un aumento de enterocitos expresando las moléculas clase II. Esta modificatión activa los linfocitos T citotóxicos e induce la modificatión inmunológica en cascada con activación de las células B y productión de inmunoglobulinas. Los enterocitos pierden sus microvellosidades, mostrando zonas de invaginación en contacto con las células M. Los linfocitos localizados a las paredes laterales de los enterocitos muestran protusiones en contacto estrecho con el vértice de las membranas plasmáticas. El número de células M cubriendo los linfocitos y los macrófagos está aumentado. Estas células contienen numerosas vesiculas apicales. Aunque la etiología de las enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales permanece desconocida, el aumento de la expresión molécula close II de los enterocitos y el numero total de células M indican un transporte antigénico aumentado en la pared intestinal.
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Cuvelier, C., Quatacker, J., De vos, M. et al. Inter-réactions lymphoépithéliales chez le sujet normal et dans les maladies inflammatoires intestinales aspects morphologiques de la présentation antigénique. Acta Endosc 21, 239–247 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968712
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968712
Mots-clés
- Cellules membraneuses (M)
- épithélium associéau follicule
- lymphocytes intraépithéliaux
- manipulation génétique intestinale
- tissu lymphoïde associé au tube digestif
Key-words
- Follicle associated epithelium
- gut associated lymphoid tissue
- intestinal antigen handling
- intraepithelial lymphocytes
- membranous (M) cells