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The impact of epidemiology upon the diagnosis and management of gastric disease: the experience of the Hawaii Japanese

L'impact de l'épidémiologie sur le diagnostic et le traitement des affections gastriques: expérience relative aux japonais de Hawaii

  • Epidemiology
  • Published:
Acta Endoscopica

Summary

Several conditions have been identified as precursors of gastric cancer. The most common of these is intestinal metaplasia (IM) accompanying atrophic antral gastritis (Type B gastritis) in countries at high risk for gastric carcinoma (Japan, Eastern Europe, Western South America). The risk for this tumor is acquired in youth and persists into old age even if the person migrates away from the high risk area. It has been linked to a diet containing large amounts of salt and nitrate; but lacking in Vitamins C and E. The next most common high risk condition is atrophic gastritis with IM of the oxyntic mucosa accompanying pernicious anemia (Type A gastritis). This disease is most common in Northern Europe. Carcinoma accompanying intestinal metaplasia is usually intestinal in type; and induction of both IM and cancer have been attributed to the action of nitroso compounds in the gastric juice. These could be formed by nitrosation of dietary amines, a process that is blocked by Vitamins C and E. Diffuse gastric carcinoma occurs in younger persons who have little or no IM. It is less responsive to environmental changes and is most common in patients with blood Type A. Such persons may have inherited increased susceptibility to environmental carcinogens so that a small dose could generate invasive carcinoma with no intermediate stage of IM, as may occur in experimental animals given large doses of nitroso compounds. If gastric carcinoma induction follows repeated mutagenic events, dietary intervention might arrest the process at the level of IM. This could take the form of daily use of Vitamins C and E, and reduced consumption of salt. Recognition of high risk groups might identify persons that might be usefully subjected to periodic endoscopic screening (e.g., every 5 years).

Résumé

Plusieurs étapes pathologiques ont été identifiées comme précurseurs du cancer gastrique. Le plus commun est la métaplasie intestinale (M.I.) associée à une gastrite atrophique antrale (gastrite de type B) dans les pays à haut risque de cancer gastrique (Japon, Europe de l'Est, Sud-Ouest des Etats-Unis). Le risque de développer ces tumeurs est acquis dans le jeune âge et persiste chez les sujets plus âgés même s'ils émigrent à dustance des zones à haut risque. Il est lié à des régimes à haute teneur en sels et en nitrates mais carencés en vitamine C et E.

L'autre situation à haut risque est une gastrite atrophique de la muqueuse fundique avec métaplasie intestinale, associée à une anémie pernicieuse (gastrite type A). Cette affection est plus courante dans l'Europe du Nord. Le cancer associé à la métaplasie intestinale est habituellement de type intestinal, et l'induction tant de la métaplasie intestinale que du cancer a été attribuée à l'action de composés nitrés dans le suc gastrique. Ceci pourrait résulter de la formation de groupes nitrés au départ des amines alimentaires, processus bloqué par les vitamines C et E. Le cancer gastrique de type diffus survient chez les sujets plus jeunes dépourvus ou porteurs de lésions limitées de métaplasie intestinale. Ce cancer est moins sensible aux facteurs d'environnement et est plus commun chez les patients de groupe sanguin A. Ces sujets présentent une réceptivité héréditaire aux carcinogènes environnants et sous l'effet d'une petite dose, développent un cancer invasif sans passer par l'étape intermédiaire de la métaplasie intestinale, ainsi qu'on l'observe chez les animaux d'expérience soumis à de fortes doses de composés nitrés. Si l'induction du cancer gastrique survient à la suite d'événements mutagènes répétés, une intervention au niveau diététique peut interrompre le processus au stade de la métaplasie intestinale. Cette prévention peut être obtenue par administration quotidienne de vitamines C et E, et consommation réduite de sel. La reconnaissance de groupes à haut rique, permet d'identifier les sujets exposés grâce à des explorations endoscopiques périodiques et systématiques (soit tous les cinq ans).

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Supported by NCI Contrat no N01 CP 61060

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Stemmermann, N.G. The impact of epidemiology upon the diagnosis and management of gastric disease: the experience of the Hawaii Japanese. Acta Endosc 11, 103–122 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02967286

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