Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

La sclérothérapie des varices œsophagiennes: Etat de la question

Sclerotherapy: The state of the art

  • Published:
Acta Endoscopica

Résumé

Il reste beaucoup à apprendre au sujet de la physiologie des varices œsophagiennes. L’histoire naturelle du saigncment sur varices n’est pas mieux définie, et on ne dispose d’aucun facteur clinique ou biochimique prédictif d’un saignement variqueux chez les patients sans hémorragie antérieure. Bien que certains signes endoscopiques, tels que les indices de coloration rouge des varices, puissent avoir une valeur de prédiction du saignement, ces données sont encore trés restreintes.

Au cours des 7 à 8 dernières années, la littérature médicale a vu une hausse considérable des travaux consacrés à la sclérothérapie. Leurs informations manquent ďuniformité, quant aux différents aspects techniques de la sclérothérapie des varices; néanmoins les résultats obtenus par différentes approches semblent satisfaisants. L’indication de la sclérothérapie est franche chez les patients en décompensation hépatique et non opérables, mais la technique n’a pas été évaluée de façon spécifique chez les patients à pronostic favorable et susceptibles d’être soumis à une intervention chirurgicale. Chez les patients à haut risque, la sclérothérapie des varices a été comparée au shunt porto-cave en urgence, mais aucun essai comparatif n’a concerné la chirurgie chez les patients à pronostic favorable.

Les injections sclérosantes des varices œsophagiennes se sont avérées bénéfiques dans le contrôle du saignement. L’oblitération des veines variqueuses paraît en rapport direct avec cette réponse favorable. Certaines études rapportent une amélioration des taux de survie mais il faudrait disposer de plus de données pour permettre une réponse formelle.

La liste des complications de la sclérothérapie s’allonge. II n’est pas certain que les complications soient ou non liées à des facteurs techniques, tels le choix des agents sclérosants ou la méthode d’injection.

Summary

There is much to be learned about the pathophysiology of variceal hemorrhage. The natural course of variceal bleeding is now better defined, but there are no proved clinical or biochemical factors that predict variceal hemorrhage in patients without prior bleeding. Although certain endoscopic features, such as red color signs, may be of value in the prediction of bleeding, the data in support of this are limited at present.

There has been a remarkable increase in the literature on sclerotherapy over the past 7 to 8 years. There is no uniformity with respect to the technical aspects of variceal sclerotherapy; however, the results with many different approaches appear to be satisfactory. Sclerotherapy is clearly indicated for patients with poor liver function who are not candidates for sugery, but the procedure has not been evaluated specifically in good risk patients who might be candidates for surgery. Variceal sclerotherapy has been compared to emergency shunt surgery in poor risk patients, but there are no comparison trials with surgery in good risk patients.

Injection sclerosis of esophageal varices has been shown to be of benefit with regard to control of bleeding. Obliteration of varices appears to be related to a favorable response. There are some reports of improved survival as well, although more data on this point are required.

The list of sclerotherapy related complications is growing. It is not certain whether or not certain complications might be related to technical factors such as the choice of sclerosing agent(s) or the method of injection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Références

  1. ALWMARK A., BENGMARK, BORJESSON B. et al. — Emergency and longterm transesophageal sclerotherapy of bleeding esophageal varices. A prospective study of 50 consecutive cases.Scand J. Gastroenterol., 1982,17, 409–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. AYRES S.J., GOFF J.S., WARREN G.H. et al. — Esophageal ulceration and bleeding after flexible fiberoptic esophageal vein sclerosis.Gastroenterology, 1982,83, 131–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. AYRES S.J., GOFF J.S., WARREN G.H. — Endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices: effects and complications.Ann. Intern. Med., 1983,98, 900–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. BAKER L.A., SMITH C, LIEBERMAN G. — The natural history of esophageal varices. A study of 115 cirrhotic patients in whom varices were diagnosed prior to bleeding.Am. J. Med., 1959,26, 228–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. BARSOUM M.S., MOORO H.A.W., BOLOUS F.I. et al. — The complications of injection sclerotherapy of bleeding oesophageal varices.Br. J. Surg., 1982,69, 79–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. BARSOUM M.S., BOLOUS F.I., EL-ROOBY A.A. et al. — Tamponade and injection sclerotherapy in the management of bleeding oesophageal varices.Br. J. Surg., 1982,69, 76–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. BARSOUM M.S., KHATTAR N.Y., RISK-ALLAH M.A. — Technical aspects of injection sclerotherapy of acute oesophageal variceal haemorrhage as seen by radiography.Br. J. Surg., 1978,65, 588–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. BAT L., SHEMESH E., NIV Y. et al. — More about sclerotherapist’s eye.Letter Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 271.

    Google Scholar 

  9. BEPPU K., INOKUCHI K., KOYANAGI N. et al. — Prediction of variceal hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1981,27, 213–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. BLENKINSOPP W.K. — Comparison on tetradecyl sulphate in sodium with other sclerosants in rats.Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 1967,49, 197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  11. BRAYKO CM., KOZAREK R.A., SANOWSKI R.A. — Bacteremia during esophageal variceal sclerotherapy: its cause and prevention. Abstr.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 159–160.

    Google Scholar 

  12. BROOKS W.S., GALAMBOS J.T. — Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices: post injection ulceration.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,20, 191.

    Google Scholar 

  13. BROOKS W.S. Jr. — Adapting flexible endoscopes for sclerosis of oesophageal varices.Abstr. Lancet, 1980,1, 266.

    Google Scholar 

  14. BROOKS W.S. Jr. — Variceal sclerosing agents.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1984,79, 424–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. BULLIMORE D.W. — Sclerotherapist’s eye.Letter Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 271.

    Google Scholar 

  16. BUTLER H.. — The veins of the oesophagus.Thorax, 1951,6, 276–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. CAMARA D.S., GRUBER M., BARDE C.J. et al. — Transient bacteremia following endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.Arch. Intern. Med., 1983,143, 1350–1352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. CARR-LOCKE D.L., SIDKY K.. — Broncho-oesophageal fistula: a late complication of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy.Gut, 1982,23, 1005–1007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. CELLO J.P., GRENDELL J.H., CRASS R.A. et al. — Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus portacaval shunt in patients with severe cirrhosis and variceal hemorrhage.N. Engl. J. Med., 1984,311, 1589–1594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. CELLO J.P., CRASS R., TRUNKEY D.D. et al. — Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus esophageal transection in Child’s class C patients with variceal hemorrhage. Comparison with results of portacaval shunt. Preliminary report.Surgery, 1982,91, 333–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. CHRISTENSEN E., FAUERHOLDT L., SCHLICHTING P. et al. — Aspects of the natural history of gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis and the effect of prednisone.Gastroenterology, 1981,81, 944–952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. CLARK A.W., WESTABY D., SILK D.B.A. et al. — Prospective controlled trial of injection sclerotherapy in patients with cirrhosis and recent variceal hemorrhage.Lancet, 1980,II, 552–554.

    Google Scholar 

  23. COHEN L.B., KORSTEN M.A., SCHERL E.J. et al. — Bacteremia after endoscopic injection sclerosis.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 198–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. CONN Ho, MITCHELL J.R., BRODOFF M.G. — A comparison of the radiologic and esophagoscopic diagnosis of esophageal varices.N. Engl. J. Med., 1961,265, 160–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. COOPER W.M. — Clinical evaluation of sotradecol, a sodium alkyl sulfate solution, in the injection therapy of varicose veins.Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1946,383, 647–652.

    Google Scholar 

  26. COPENHAGEN. — Esophageal varices sclerotherapy project. Sclerotherapy after first variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis.N. Eng. J. Med., 1984,311, 1594–1600.

    Google Scholar 

  27. CRAFOORD C, FRENCKNER P. — New surgical treatment of varicose veins of the oesophagus.Acta Otolaryngol., 1939,27, 422–429.

    Google Scholar 

  28. DAGRADI A.E. — The natural history of esophageal varices in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.Am. J. gastroenterol., 1972,57, 520–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. DAGRADI A.E., MEHLER R., TAN D.T.D. et al. — Sources of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and large varices.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1970,54, 458–463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. DAGRADI A.E. — Esophageal varices, splenic pulp pressure and ≪ directional ≫ flow patterns in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. A correlation study.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1973,59, 15–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. DAVE P., ROMEU J., MESSER J. — Uppergastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension: A reappraisal.J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 1983, 5, 113–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. DIMAGNO E.P., ZINSMEISTER A.R., LARSON D.E. et al. — Influence of hepatic reserve and cause of esophageal varices on survival and rebleeding before and after the introduction of sclerotherapy: a retrospective analysis.Mayo Clin. Proc, 1985,60, 149–157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. EVANS D.M.D., JONES D.B., CLEARY B.K. et al. — Oesophageal varices treated by sclerotherapy: a histopathological study.Gut, 1982,23, 615–620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. FEARON B., SASS-KORTSAK A. — The management of esophageal varices in children by injection of sclerosing agents.Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol, 1959,68, 906–915.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. FLEIG W.E., STANGE E.F., RUETTENAUER K. — Emergency endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices: a prospective study in patients not responding to balloon tamponade.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 8–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. FLEISCHER D. — Etiology and prevalence of severe persistent upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Gastroenterology, 1983,84, 538–543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. FLEISCHER D.E. — N.d.: Y.A.G. laser therapy for active variceal bleeding.Abstr. Gastroenterology, 1982,82, 1058.

    Google Scholar 

  38. FOUTCH P.G., SIVAK M.V. Jr. — Colonic variceal hemorrhage after endoscopic injection sclerosis of esophageal varices: a report of three cases.Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1984,79, 756–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. FUJITA R. — Endoscopic diagnosis and classification of esophageal varices in Japan.In: Sivak M.V. Jr., ed. Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices. New York, Praeger, 1984, 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  40. GALAMBOS J.T. — Esophageal variceal hemorrhage: diagnostic and an overview of treatment.Sem. Liver Dis., 1982,2, 211–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. GARCEAU A.J., CHALMERS T.C. — The natural history of cirrhosis. Survival with esophageal varices.N. Engl. J. Med., 1963,268, 469–473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. GARDNER E.C., BROOKS W.S. Jr. — Absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation with endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 67–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. GEBHARD R.L., ANSEL H.J., SILVIS S.E. — Origin of pain during variceal sclerotherapy.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 131.

    Google Scholar 

  44. GIBBERT V., FEINSTAT T., BURNS M. et al. — A comparision of the sclerosing agents sodium tetradecyl sulfate and sodium morrhuate in endoscopic injection sclerosis of esophageal varices.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 147.

    Google Scholar 

  45. GILBERT D.A., SILVERSTEIN F.E., TEDESCO F.J. et al. — The national A.S.G.E. survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. III. Endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1981,27, 94–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. GOODALE R.L., SILVIS S.E., O’LEARY J.F. et al. — Early survival after sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices.Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1982,155, 523–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. GRAHAM D.Y., SMITH J.L.. — The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage.Gastroenterology, 1981,80, 800–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. GREENE L., WEISBERG H., ROSENTHAL W.S. et al. — Evaluation of esophageal varices in liver disease by splenic-pulp manometry, splenoportography and esophagogastroscopy. Diagnostic discrepancies.Am. J. Dig. Dis., 1965,10, 284–292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. GROBE J.L., KOZAREK R.A., SANOWSKI R.A. et al. — Venography during endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1984,30, 6–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. HARRIS O.D., DICKEY J.D., STEPHENSON P.M. — Simple endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices.Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1982,12, 131–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. HEDBERG S.E., FOWLER D.L., RYAN R.L.R. — Injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varice using ethanolamine oleate. A pilot study.Am. J. Surg., 1982,143, 426–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. HELPAP B., BOLLWEG L. — Morphologic changes in the terminal oesophagus with varices, following sclerosis, of the wall.Endoscopy, 1981,13, 229–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. HENNESSY T.P.J., STEPHENS R.B., KEANE F.B. — Acute and chronic management of esophageal varices by injection sclerotherapy.Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1982,154, 375–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. HOWARD E., STAMATAKIS J.D., MOWAT A.P. — Management of esophageal varices in children by injection sclerotherapy.J. Ped. Surg., 1984,19, 2–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. HUGHES R.W. Jr, LARSON D.E., VIGGIANO T.R. et al. — Endoscopic variceal sclerosis: A one-year experience.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 62–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. HUIZINGA W.K.J., KEENAN J.P., MARSZALEK A. — Sclerotherapy for bleeding oesophageal varices - a fatal complication. A case report.S. Afr. Med. J., 1984,65, 436–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. HUNT B.L., MITROS F.A., LEWIS J.W. — Histologic changes in esophagus after injection sclerotherapy.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 137.

    Google Scholar 

  58. JACKSON F.C., PERRIN E.B., FELIX W.R. et al. — A clinical investigation of the portacaval shunt: V. Survival analysis of the therapeutic operation.Ann. Surg., 1971,174, 672–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. JENSEN D.M., SILPA M.L., TAPIA J.I. et al. — Comparison of different methods for endoscopic hemostasis of bleeding canine esophageal varices.Gastroenterology, 1983,84, 1455–1461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. JOHNSTON G.W., RODGERS H.W. — A review of 15 years’ experience in the use of sclerotherapy in the control of acute haemorrhage for oesophageal varices.Br. J. Surg., 1973,60, 797–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. JOLY J.G., MARLEAU D., LEGARE A. et al. — Bleeding from esophageal varices in cirrhosis of the liver: hemodynamic and radiological criteria for the selection of potential bleeders through hepatic and umbilicoportal catheterization studies.Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1971,104, 576–580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. KEMPE S.G., KOCH H. — Injection of sclerosing solutions in the treatment of esophageal varices.Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl., 1985,118, 120–129.

    Google Scholar 

  63. KIRKHAM J.S., QUAYLE J.B. — Oesophageal varices: evaluation of injection sclerotherapy without general anesthesia using the flexible fiberoptic gastroscope.Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl, 1982,64, 401–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. KJAERGAARD J., FISCHER A., MISKOWIAK J. et al. — Sclerotherapy of bleeding esophageal varices. Long-term results.Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1982,17, 363–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. LANGE S., LAUGHLIN B., HUGHES R.W. et al. — Septic complications of variceal hemorrhage and ethanolamine sclerotherapy of varices.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 191.

    Google Scholar 

  66. LARSON A.W., CHAPMAN D.J., RADVAN G. et al. — Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy (E.V.S.): acute phase results of a prospective controlled trial.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 136.

    Google Scholar 

  67. LARSON G.M. — Esophageal motility after injection sclerotherapy.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 164.

    Google Scholar 

  68. LEBREC D., DE FLEURY P., RUEFF B., NAHUM H., BENHAMOU J.-P. — Portal hypertension, size of esophageal varices, and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in alcoholic cirrhosis.Gastroenterology, 1980,79, 1139–1144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. LEWIS J.W., CHUNG R.S., ALLISON J.G. — Injection sclerotherapy for control of acute variceal hemorrhage.Am. J. Surg., 1981,142, 592–595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. LEWIS J., CHUNG R.S., ALLISON J. — Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.Arch. Surg., 1980,115, 476–480.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. LILLY J.R., VAN STIEGMANN G., STELLIN G. — Esophageal endosclerosis in children with portal vein thrombosis.J. Pediatr. Surg., 1982,17, 571–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. LILLY J.R. — Endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices in children.Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1981,152, 513–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. MACBETH R. — Treatment of oesophageal varices in portal hypertension by means of sclerosing injections.Br. Med. J., 1955,2, 877–880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. MACDOUGALL B.R.D., WESTABY D., THEODOSSI A. et al. — Increased long-term survival in variceal haemorrhage using injection sclerotherapy. Results of a controlled trial.Lancet, 1982,J, 124–127.

    Google Scholar 

  75. MCCORMACK T.T., SMITH P.M., ROSE J.D. et al. — Perforating veins and blood flow in oesophageal varices.Lancet, 1983,2, 1442–1444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. MCCRAY R.S., MARTIN F., AMIR-AHMADI H. et al. — Erroneous diagnosis of hemorrhage from esophageal varices.Am. J. Dig. Dis., 1969,14, 755–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. MITCHELL K.J., MACDOUGALL B.R.D., SILK D.B.A. et al. — A prospective reappraisal of emergency endoscopy in patients with portal hypertension.Scand. J. Gastroenterol, 1982,17, 965–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. MOERSCH H.J.. — Further studies on the treatment of esophageal varices by injection of a sclerosing solution.Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol, 1941,50, 1233–1244.

    Google Scholar 

  79. MONROE P., MORROW C.F. Jr, MILLEN J.E., et al. — Acute respiratory failure after sodium morrhuate esophageal sclerotherapy.Gastroenterology, 1983,85, 693–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. NOVIS B.H., DUYS P., BARBEZAT G.O., et al. — Fiberoptic endoscopy and the use of the sengstaken tube in acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with portal hypertension and varices.Gut, 1976,17, 258–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. NOVIS B., BAT L., POMERANTZ I. et al. — Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.Isr. J. Med. Sci, 1983,19, 40–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. OGLE S.J., KIRK C.J.C, BAILEY R.J. et al. — Oesophageal function in cirrhotic patients undergoing injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices.Digestion, 1978,18, 178–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. PALANI C.K., ABUABARA S., KRAFT A.R. et al. — Endoscopic sclerotherapy in acute variceal hemorrhage.Am. J. Surg., 1981,141, 164–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. PALMER E.D. — On correlations between portal venous pressure and the size and extent of esophageal varices in portal cirrhosis.Ann. Surg., 1953,138, 741–744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. PALMER E.D., BRICK I.B. — Correlation between the severity of esophageal varices in portal cirrhosis and their propensity toward hemorrhage.Gastroenterology, 1956,30, 85–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. PALMER E.D. — The vigorous diagnostic approach to upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. A 23-year prospective study of 1 400 patients.Jama, 1969,207, 1477–1480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. PAQUET K.J. — Prophylactic endoscopic sclerosing treatment of the esophageal wall in varices - a prospective controlled randomized trial.Endoscopy, 1982,14, 4–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. PAQUET K.J., OBERHAMMER E. — Sclerotherapy of bleeding oesophageal varices by means of endoscopy.Endoscopy, 1978,10, 7–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. PATTERSON C.O., ROUSE M.O. — The sclerosing therapy of esophageal varices.Gastroenterology, 1947, 9, 391–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. PERAKOS P.G., CIRBUS J.J., CAMARA D.S. — Persistent bradyarrhythmia after sclerotherapy for esophageal varices.So. Med. J., 1984,77, 531–532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. REILLY J.J. Jr, SCHADE R.R., VAN THIEL D.S. — Esophageal function after injection sclerotherapy: pathogenesis of esophageal stricture.Am. J. Surg., 1984,147, 85–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. REILLY J.J. Jr, SCHADE R.R., ROH M.S. et al. — Esophageal variceal sclerosis.Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1982,155, 497–502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. REINER L. — The activity of anionic surface active compounds in producing vascular obliteration.Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1956,62, 49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  94. REYNOLDS T.B., ITO S., IWATSUKI S. — Measurement of portal pressure and its clinical application.Am. J. Med., 1970,49, 649–657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. ROARK G. — Treatment of postsclerotherapy esophageal ulcers with sucralfate.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1984,30, 9–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. ROSE J.D.R., CRANE M.D., SMITH P.M. — Factors affecting successful endoscopic sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices.Gut, 1983,24, 946–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. SAKS B.J., KILBY A.E., DIETRICH P.A. et al. — Pleural and mediastinal changes following endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.Radiology, 1983,149, 639–642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. SAMSON P.C. and FOREE L. — Direction injection of esophageal varices through the esophagoscope.W. J. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1942, 50, 73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  99. SANOWSKI R.A., KOZAREK R.A., BRAYKO C., et al. — Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy (E.V.S.): course and complications.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  100. SAUERBRUCH T., WEINZIERL M., DIETRICH H.P. et al. — Sclerotherapy of a bleeding duodenal varix.Endoscopy, 1982,14, 187–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. SAUERBRUCH T., WIRSCHING R., LEISNER B. et al. — Esophageal function after sclerotherapy of bleeding varices.Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1982,17, 745–751.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. SCHERL E.J., FABRY T.L. — Pseudodiverticula secondary to injection sclerotherapy.J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 1983, 5, 401–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. SCHOPPE L.E., ROARK G.D., PATTERSON M. — Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension: a correlation of endoscopic findings with etiology.S. Med. J., 1983, 76, 475–476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. SEIDMAN E., WEBER A., MORING C.L. et al. — Spinal cord paralysis following sclerotherapy for esophageal varices.Hepatology, 1984,4, 950–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. SHEPHERD M.M., LEE R.G., BOWERS J.H. — Local toxicity of sclerosing agents used in canine esophagus.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 188.

    Google Scholar 

  106. SILPA M.L., JENSEN D.M., MACHICADO G.A., et al. — Efficacy and safety of agents for variceal sclerotherapy. Abstr.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 152–153.

    Google Scholar 

  107. SILVERSTEIN F.E., GILBERT D.A., TEDESCO F.J. et al. — The national A.S.G.E. survey on upper gastrointestinal bleeding. II. Clinical prognostic factors.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1981,27, 80–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. SIMERT G., LUNDERQUIST A., TYLEN U. et al. — Correlation between percutaneous transhepatic portography and clinical findings in 56 patients with portal hypertension.Acta Chir. Scand., 1978,144, 27–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. SIMON C., COHEN L., SCHERL E. et al. — Esophageal motility and symptoms after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 192.

    Google Scholar 

  110. SIVAK M.Y. Jr, WILLIAMS G.W. — Endoscopic injection sclerosis (E.I.S.) of esophageal varices: analysis of survival and transfusion requirement.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1981,27, 129.

    Google Scholar 

  111. SIVAK M.V. Jr. — Endoscopic injection sclerosis of esophageal varices: A.S.G.E. survey. Letter.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. SIVAK M.V. Jr., STOUT D.J., SKIPPER G. — Endoscopic injection sclerosis (E.I.S.) of esophageal varices.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1981,27, 52–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. SMITH-LAING G., CAMILO M.E., DICK R. et al. — Percutaneous transhepatic portography in the assessment of portal hypertension. Clinical correlations and comparison of radiographic techniques.Gastroenterology, 1980,78, 197–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. SMITH J.L. and GRAHAM D.Y. — Variceal hemorrhage: A critical evaluation of survival analysis.Gastroenterol., 1982,82, 968–973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. SMITH P.M., JONES D.B., ROSE J.D.R. — Simplified fibre endoscopic sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices.J.R. Col. Physicians Lond., 1982,16, 236–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. SODERLUND C, WIECHEL K.L. — Oesophageal perforation after sclerotherapy for variceal haemorrhage.Acta Chir. Scand., 1983,149, 491–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. SOEHENDRA N., DE HEER K., KEMPENEERS I. et al. — Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices: acute arrest of gastrointestinal hemorrhage or long-terme therapy?Endoscopy, 1983,15, 136–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. SORENSEN T., BURCHARTH F., PEDERSEN M.L. et al. — Oesophageal stricture and dysphagia after endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding varices.Gut, 1984,25, 473–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. SPENCE R.A.J., SLOAN J.M., JOHNSTON G.W. Greenfield. Oesophageal mucosal changes in patients with varices.Gut, 1983,24, 1024–1029.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. STAMATAKIS J.D., HOWARD E.R., PSACHAROPOULOS H.T. et al. — Injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices in children.Br. J. Surg., 1982,69, 74–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. STRAY N., JACOBSEN CD., ROSSELAND A. — Injection sclerotherapy of bleeding oesophageal and gastric varices using a flexible endoscope.Acta Med. Scand., 1982,211, 125–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. SUGAWA C, OKUMURA Y., LUCAS C.E. et al. — Endoscopic sclerosis of exprerimental esophageal varices in dogs.Gastrointestinal Endosc, 1978,24, 114–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. TAKASE Y., OZAKI A., ORII K. et al. — Injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices for patients undergoing emergency and elective surgery.Surgery, 1982,92, 474–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. TERBLANCHE J., NORTHOVER J.M.A., BORNMAN P. et al. — A prospective controlled trial of sclerotherapy in the long term management of patients after esophageal variceal bleeding.Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 1979,148, 322–333.

    Google Scholar 

  125. TERBLANCHE J., NORTHOVER J.M.A., BORNMAN P. et al. — A prospective evaluation on injection sclerotherapy in treatment of acute bleeding from esophageal varices.Surgery, 1979,85, 239–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. TERBLANCHE J., BORNMAN P.C, KAHN D. et al. — Failure of repeated injection sclerotherapy to improve longterm survival after oesophageal variceal bleeding. A five-year prospective controlled clinical trial.Lancel, 1983,II, 1328–1332.

    Google Scholar 

  127. TERBLANCHE J., YAKOB H.I., BORNMAN PC. et al. — Acute bleeding varices. A five-year prospective evaluation of tamponade and sclerotherapy.Ann. Surg., 1981,194, 521–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. TRUDEAU W., GIBBERT V., YOUNG W. et al. — Child’s C patients receiving endoscopic injection sclerosis of bleeding esophageal varices fair no better than patients receiving conventional therapy. Abstr.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1982,28, 148.

    Google Scholar 

  129. TRUDEAU W., PRINDIVILLE T., GIBBERT V. et al. — Endoscopic injection sclerosis in Child’s C patients with bleeding gastroesophageal varices.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 168.

    Google Scholar 

  130. TRUDEAU W., PRINDIVILLE T., GIBBERT T. et al. — An update on the safety of sclerosing agents used in endoscopic injection sclerosis.Abstr. Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 168.

    Google Scholar 

  131. VIALLET A., MARLEAU D., HUET M. et al. — Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with intrahepatic portal hypertension. Relationship between bleeding varices and the portohepatic gradient.Gastroenterology, 1975,68, 1297–1300.

    Google Scholar 

  132. WALDRAM R., DAVIS M., NUNNERLY H. et al. — Emergency endoscopy after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 50 patients with portal hypertension.Br. Med. J., 1974,4, 94–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. WANG K.P., YANG P., HUTCHEON D.F. et al. — A new method of injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices.Gastrointest. Endosc, 1983,29, 38–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. WESTABY S., WILKINSON S.P., WARREN R. et al. — Spleen size and portal hypertension in cirrhosis.Digestion, 1978,17, 63–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. WESTABY D., MACDOUGALL B.R.D., MELIA W. et al. — A prospective randomized study of two sclerotherapy techniques for esophageal varices.Hepatology, 1983,3, 681–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. WESTABY D., MELIA W.M., MACDOUGALL B.R.D. et al. — Injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices: a prospective randomised trial of different treatment schedules.Gut, 1984,25, 129–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. WILLIAMS K.G.D., DAWSON J.L. — Fiberoptic injection of oesophageal varices.Br. Med. J., 1979,2, 766–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. WILLOUGHBY E.O., DAVID D., SMITH C.W. et al. — The significance of small esophageal varices in portal cirrhosis.Gastroenterology, 1964,47, 375–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. YASSIN Y.M., SHERIF S.M. — Sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices using the fiberoptic endoscope.J.R. Coll. Surg. Edinb, 1981,26, 328–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland, USA

    M. V. Sivak

Authors
  1. M. V. Sivak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Tirés à part: Dr Michael V. Sivak Jr., Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106 (U.S.A.).

About this article

Cite this article

Sivak, M.V. La sclérothérapie des varices œsophagiennes: Etat de la question. Acta Endosc 15, 355–383 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02966207

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02966207

Mots-clés

Key-words

Search

Navigation