References
Boyle, P. J. and Conway, E. J. Potassium accumulation in muscle and associated changes. J. Physiol. 1941: 100, 1–63.
Boyle, P. J., Conway, E. J., Kane, F. and O’Reilly, H. L. Volume of interfibre spaces in frog muscle and the calculation of concentrations in the fibre water. J. Physiol. 1941: 99, 401–414
Kernan, R. P. Sources of electrical potential across membranes. Ir. J. med. Sci. 1980: 149, 137–147.
O’Donovan, D. J. Ammonia metabolism during acid-base disturbance. Ir. J. med. Sci. 1985: 154, 253–261.
Roddie, I. C. The transmembrane potential changes associated with smooth muscle activity in turtle arteries and veins. J. Physiol. 1962: 163, 138–150.
Roddie, I. C. Human responses to emotional stress. Ir. J. med. Sci. 1980: 146, 395–417.
Salvato, G. Mechanisms of the asthma attack. Br. Med. J. 1976: 2, 179.
Karczewski, W. and Widdicombe, J. G. The role of the vagus nerves in the respiratory and circulatory responses to intravenous histamine and phenyl diguanide in rabbits. J. Physiol. 1969: 201, 271–291.
Kirkpatrick, C. T. Nervous control of airways muscle tone. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 1984: 20, 389–394.
Cameron, A. R. and Kirkpatrick, C. T. A study of excitatory neuromuscular transmission in the bovine trachea. J. Physiol. 1977: 270, 733–745.
Cameron, A. R., Johnston, C. F., Kirkpatrick, C. T. and Kirkpatrick, M. C. A. The quest for the inhibitory neurotransmitter in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Quart. J Exp. Physiol. 1983: 68, 413–426.
Bullock, C. G., Cameron, A. R. and Kirkpatrick, C. T. The ultrastructure of bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1982: 81, 290–305.
Brading, A. F., Bulbring, E. and Tomita, T. The effect of sodium and calcium on the action potential of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig taenia coli. J. Physiol. 1969: 200, 637–654.
Bulbring, E. Membrane potentials of smooth muscle fibres of the taenia coli of the guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 1954: 125, 302–315.
Bulbring, E., Casteels, R. and Kuriyama, H. Membrane potential and ion content in cat and guinea-pig myometrium and the response to adrenaline and noradrenaline. Br. J. Pharmac. 1968: 34, 388–407.
Funaki, S. Electrical and mechanical activity of isolated smooth muscle from the portal vein of the rat. Symp. elect. activ. innerv. blood vessels, Cambridge, 1966. Bibl. anat. 1966: 8, 5–10.
Golenhofen, K. Slow rhythms in smooth muscle (minuterhythm). In Smooth Muscle, ed. Bulbring, E., Brading, A. F., Jones, A. W. and Tomita, T. 1970, pp. 316–342. London: Arnold.
Kirkpatrick, C. T. Excitation and contraction in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J. Physiol. 1975: 244, 263–281.
Kroeger, E. A. Mechanical and electrophysiological properties of airway smooth muscle and the effect of hypoxia. M.Sc. Thesis. 1968. Winnipeg: Univ. of Manitoba.
Kroeger, E. A. and Stephens, N. L. Effect of tetraethylammonium on tonic airway smooth muscle: initiation of phasic electrical activity. Am. J. Physiol. 1975: 228, 633–637.
Suzuki, H., Morita, K. and Kuriyama, H. Innervation and properties of the smooth muscle of the dog trachea. Jap J. Physiol. 1976: 303–320.
Mekata, F. Electrophysiological studies of the smooth muscle cell membrane of the rabbit common carotid artery. J. gen. Physiol. 1971: 57, 738–751.
Bolton, T. B., Lang, R. J., Takewaki, T. and Benham, C. D. Patch and whole-cell voltage clamp of single mammalian visceral and vascular smooth muscle cells. Experientia. 1985: 41, 887–894.
Kirkpatrick, C. T. Spontaneous spikes in tracheal smooth muscle produced by tetraethylammonium chloride. Ir. J. med. Sci. 1973: 142, 40.
Kirkpatrick, C. T. Various mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J. Physiol. 1974: 236, 28–29P.
Dixon, J. S. and Small, R. C. Evidence of poor conduction of muscle excitation in the longitudinal axis of guinea-pig isolated trachea. Br. J. Pharmac. 1983: 79, 75–83.
Fettes, J., Kirkpatrick, C. T., Morrow, R. J. and Tomita, T. Spontaneous and induced slow-wave activity in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. J. Physiol. 1981: 312, 54P.
Kirkpatrick, C. T. Tracheobronchial smooth muscle. In: Smooth Muscle: an assessment of current knowledge. Ed. by Bulbring, E., Brading, A. F., Jones, A. W. and Tomita, T. Chapter 18, pp. 385–395. 1975. London: E. J. Arnold.
Bose, R. and Bose, D. Excitation-contraction coupling in multiunit tracheal smooth muscle during metabolic depletion: induction of rhythmicity. Am. J. Physiol. 1977: 233, C8-C13.
Fettes, J. J. F. Slow wave phenomena in bovine tracheal smooth muscle: an introductory study. B.Sc. Thesis. The Queen’s University of Belfast. 1980.
Allen, S. L., Beech, D. J., Foster, R. W., Morgan, G. P. and Small, R. C. Electrophysiological and other aspects of the relaxant action of isoprenaline in guinea-pig trachealis. Br. J. Pharmac. 1985: 86, 843–854.
Honda, K., Satake, T., Takagi, K. and Tomita, T. Effects of relaxants on electrical and mechanical activities in the guinea-pig tracheal muscle. Br. J. Pharmac. 1986: 87, 665–671.
Ohba, M., Sakomoto, Y. and Tomita, T. The slow wave in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach. J. Physiol. 1975: 253, 505–516.
Ohba, M., Sakomoto, Y. and Tomita, T. Effects of sodium, potassium and calcium ions on the slow wave in the circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach. J. Physiol. 1977: 267, 167–180.
Kirkpatrick, C. T. and Bullock, C. G. Ion distribution in bovine tracheal smooth muscle and its modification by histamine. Ir. J. med. Sci. 1986: 155, 67–73.
Aickin, C. C. and Brading, A. F. Advances in the understanding of transmembrane ionic gradients and permeabilities in smooth muscle obtained by using ion-selective micro-electrodes. Experientia. 1985: 41, 879–887.
Kernan, R. P., MacDermott, M. and Westphal, W. Measurement of chloride activity within frog sartorius muscle fibres by means of chloride-sensitive microelectrodes. J. Physiol. 1976: 241, 60P.
Somlyo, A. P., Wasserman, A. J., Kitazawa, T., Bond, M., Shuman, H. and Somlyo, A. V. Calcium and sodium distribution and movements in smooth muscle. Experientia 1985: 41, 981–988.
Wahlstrom, B. A. A study of the action of noradrenaline on ionic content and sodium, potassium and chloride effluxes in the rat portal vein Acta physiol. Scand. 1974: 89, 522–530.
Bolton, T. B., Clark, J. P., Kitamura, K. and Lang, R. J. Evidence that histamine and carbachol open the same ionic channels in longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea-pig ileum. J. Physiol. 1981: 320, 363–379.
Bolton, T. B. Mechanisms of action of transmitters and other substances on smooth muscle. Physiol Rev. 1979: 59, 607–718.
Itoh, T., Ueno, H., Kuriyama, H. Calcium-induced calcium release mechanism in vascular smooth muscles — assessments based on contractions evoked in intact and saponin-treated skinned muscles. Experientia. 1985: 41, 989–996.
Somlyo, A. V. and Somlyo, A. P. Electromechanical and pharmacomechanical coupling in vascular smooth muscle. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 1968: 159, 129–145.
Kirkpatrick, C. T., Jenkinson, H. A. and Cameron, A. R. Interaction between drugs and potassium-rich solutions in producing contraction in bovine tracheal smooth muscle: studies in normal and calcium-depleted tissues. Clin. exp. Pharmac. Physiol. 1975: 2, 559–570.
Baba, K., Kawanishi, M., Satake, T. and Tomita, T. Effects of verapamil on the contractions of guinea-pig tracheal muscle induced by Ca, Sr and Ba. Br. J. Pharmac. 1985: 84, 203–311.
Baba, K., Satake, T., Takagi, K. and Tomita, T. Effects of verapamil on the response of the guinea-pig tracheal muscle to carbachol. Br. J. Pharmac 1986: 88, 441–449.
Somlyo, A. P. and Somlyo, A. V. Biophysics of smooth muscle excitation and contraction. In Airway Dynamics— Physiology and Pharmacology. Ed. Bouhuys, A. 1970. pp. 209–228. Springfield, III.: Thomas.
Somlyo, A. V. and Somlyo, A. P. Strotium accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in vascular smooth muscle. Science, N.Y. 1971: 174, 955–957.
Hartshorne, D. J. and Siemankowski, R. F. Regulation of smooth muscle actomyosin. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 1981: 43, 519–530.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The Conway Review Lecture of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, presented on Thursday 26th June 1986 at the summer meeting of the Biological Sciences Section, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kirkpatrick, C.T. A biophysical approach to bronchospasm. I.J.M.S. 156, 205–210 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02954041
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02954041