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The surgical point of view of the geriatric patient — Urinary incontinence

Der geriatrische Patient aus chirurgischer Sicht — Harninkontinenz

  • Themenschwerpunkt: Der Geriatrische Patient Aus Chirurgischer Sicht — Teil 2
  • Published:
Acta Chirurgica Austriaca Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Background: Urinary incontinence is one of the most frequent diseases in the ageing population. The aim of this manuscript is to present the current knowledge on urinary incontinence regarding (i) prevalence, (ii) pathogenesis, (iii) types, (iv) diagnostic assessment, and (v) treatment options.

Methods: The current literature regarding urinary incontinence with special reference to the geriatric patient was reviewed.

Results: According to a study performed recently in the Vienna area, 36.0% of women and 11.5% of men aged 70 years or older report urinary incontinence. Several factors, such as urodynamic changes, structural alterations of the lower urinary tract, increased sensory input, and impaired central control of the micturition reflex, contribute to the high prevalence of urinary incontinence with age. The four most common forms of urinary incontinence in the geriatric patient are combined stress/urge incontinence, pure urge incontinence, pure stress incontinence, and overflow incontinence. Diagnostic steps are classified into “mandatory”, “recommended”, and “indicated in selected cases only”. Particularly the “mandatory tests” are simple to perform and need no special equipment. Therapeutic options should be directed to the type of urinary incontinence as well as the physical and mental status of the patient.

Conclusions: Urinary incontinence is highly prevalent with age. Conservative treatment is the therapy of choice for urge incontinence and mild to moderate forms of stress and overflow incontinence in the geriatric patient.

Zusammenfassung

Grundlagen: Die Harninkontinenz zählt bei beiden Geschlechtern zu den häufigsten Alterserkrankungen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den gegenwärtigen Stand des Wissens hinsichtlich (i) Prävalenz, (ii) Pathogenese, (iii) Diagnostik und (iv) Therapie der Harninkontinenz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des geriatrischen Patienten darzulegen.

Methodik: Die aktuelle Literatur über die verschiedenen Aspekte der Harninkontinenz des geriatrischen Patienten wird zusammengefaßt.

Ergebnisse: Wie im Rahmen einer kürzlich im Großraum Wien durchgeführten Studie gezeigt werden konnte, geben 36,0% der Frauen und 11,5% der Männer älter als 70 Jahre eine Harninkontinenz an. Eine Reihe von Pathomechanismen wie urodynamische und strukturelle Veränderungen des unteren Harntraktes, verstärkte sensorische Afferenzen aus dem Blasenbereich sowie eine zentrale Beeinträchtigung der Kontrolle des Miktionsreflexes verursachen die Harninkontinenz im Alter. Die vier häufigsten Formen des Harninkontinenz beim alternden Menschen sind die gemischte Drang/Streßinkontinenz, die reine Dranginkontinenz, die reine Streßinkontinenz sowie die Überlaufinkontinenz. Die Untersuchungsschritte zur Abklärung inkontinenter, älterer Menschen werden in (i) erforderliche, (ii) empfohlene und (iii) im Einzelfall indizierte Untersuchungsschritte unterteilt. Vor allem die erforderlichen Untersuchungen sind einfach und von nahezu jedem Arzt durchzuführen. Die Therapie der Harninkontinenz im Alter richtet sich nach dem Pathomechanismus, der Inkontinenzform, dem Allgemeinzustand sowie sozialem Umfeld.

Schlußfolgerungen: Die Harninkontinenz zählt zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen des alternden Menschen. Die konservative Therapie ist die Therapie der Wahl bei Patienten mit Dranginkontinenz und als Primärtherapie bei mild bis mäßig ausgeprägter Streßinkontinenz sowie der Überlaufinkontinenz.

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Madersbacher, S., Schmidbauer, J., Schatzl, G. et al. The surgical point of view of the geriatric patient — Urinary incontinence. Acta Chir. Austriaca 33, 271–274 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02948094

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